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Biology > Unit 3 - Respiration > Flashcards

Unit 3 - Respiration Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the products of the light dependent stage in photosynthesis

A

ATP and reduced NADP

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2
Q

what is ATM made of

A

phosphate groups, ribose and adenosine

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3
Q

Chemiosmosis

A

the flow of protons down an electrochemical gradient, through ATP synthetase, which provides the potential energy necessary to synthesise ATP by phosphorylation.

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4
Q

where in the mitochondria does the electron transport chain take place

A

The thylakoid membrane

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5
Q

what is the current model for oxidative phosphorylation

A

chemiosmotic theory

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6
Q

Photosynthesis

A

green plants capture light energy and transduce it into chemical energy stored in molecules of carbohydrate.

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7
Q

what do Chloroplast contain

A

photosynthetic pigments

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8
Q

what do photosynthetic pigments do

A

absorb light energy at particular wavelengths

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9
Q

what do chloroplasts do in low light conditions

A

distribute evenly throughout the cytoplasm to maximise absorption of the available light

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10
Q

what do chloroplasts do inhigh light intensit

A

line up in vertical columns against the cell wall, side on to the light to prevent damage by over-exposure.

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11
Q

how can we separate Photosynthetic pigments

A

chromatography

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12
Q

how to calculate Rf

A

distance moved my pigment from origin, over, distance moved by solvent from origin

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13
Q

what is an absorption spectrum

A

a graph which shows how much light is absorbed by a pigment at different wavelengths of light.

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14
Q

what is an action spectrum

A

a graph which shows the rate of photosynthesis at different wavelengths of light.

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15
Q

what happens when you overlay the absorption spectrum and the action spectrum

A

peaks show a very close correlation suggesting that the wavelengths of light absorbed, by the photosynthetic pigments, are actually used for photosynthesis.

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16
Q

what did Thomas Englemann do

A

devised an experiment to determine which wavelengths of light were used most for photosynthesis

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17
Q

in Thomas Englemann’s experement which regions of light waves shows the highest photosynthetic activity.

A

blue and red regions

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18
Q

what is the process called wherePhotosynthetic pigments absorb light energy

A

light harvesting

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19
Q

where does light harvesting take place

A

antenna complexes within the thylakoid membranes
of the chloroplasts

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20
Q

where is chlorophill found

A

in the reaction centre of the antenna complex of there chloroplasts

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21
Q

what prevents light energy from escaping the antenna complex

A

proteins

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22
Q

how many molecules of chlorophyll does the reaction centre contain

A

2

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23
Q

what happens when the chlorophyll absorbs light energy

A

emit high energy electrons

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24
Q

what are the two types of reaction centre

A

Photosystem I -absorption peak of 700nm
Photosystem II - absorption peak of 680nm

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25
Q

Phosphorylation

A

the addition of a phosphate group to ADP to form ATP.

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26
Q

Cyclic photophosphorylation

A

-involves PSI only
-electron is donated to the electron transport system to help generate a proton gradient for chemiosmosis

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27
Q

Non-cyclic photophosphorylation

A

involving PSI and PSII.
High energy electrons, from PSI are passed to NADP forming reduced NAPD, PSI steels electron from PSII. PSII pass election to electron transport system, the e- is then returned to PSI.. PSII is now an electron short!

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28
Q

meaning of Non-cyclic photophosphorylation

A

non- cyclic pathway as the electron does not return to its origin

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29
Q
A
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30
Q

What are the products of the light dependent stage in photosynthesis used for

A

light independent stage or Calvin cycle,

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31
Q

Photolysis

A

the splitting of water by light, producing protons (hydrogen ions), electrons and oxygen. The water molecules used for photolysis are found in the thylakoid space.

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32
Q

another name for the light independent stage

A

Calvin cycle

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33
Q

where does photosynthesis take place

A

the chloroplast

34
Q

what does photosynthetic pigments do

A

absorb light energy at particular wavelengths

35
Q

where are the chloroplast found in the leaf

A

the mesophyll tissue

36
Q

what happens to chlorophyll in ow light conditions

A

distribute evenly to absorb as much light as possible

37
Q
A
37
Q

what happens Ito chlorophyll in high light conditions

A

they will line up to prevent damage by over-exposure

38
Q

where in the chloroplast does the light dependent stage happen

A

in the thylakoid

39
Q

what happens to electrons when light is passed to the chlorophyll

A

excite electrons and raise them to a higher energy level

40
Q

Phosphorylation

A

the addition of a phosphate group to ADP to form ATP.

41
Q

Photophosphorylation

A

ndicates that light energy is needed to achieve the addition of a phosphate group to ADP to form ATP.

42
Q

what photosystem does Cyclic photophosphorylation involve

A

PSI

43
Q

what photosystem does Non-cyclic photophosphorylation involve

A

PSI PSII

44
Q

what is produced in PSI

A

ATP

45
Q

what is produced ed in PSII

A

reduced NADP and ATP

46
Q

Photolysis

A

the splitting of water by light, producing protons (hydrogen ions), electrons and oxygen.

47
Q

what are ATP and reduced NADP from PSII used for

A

to power the Calvin cycle

48
Q

when will RUBP be found in the Calvin cycle

A

just before carbon dioxide enters the cycle.

49
Q

how many times is ATP needed in th Calvin cycle

A

2

50
Q

how many times is NADP needed in the Calvin cycle

A

1

51
Q

what does autoradiograph show

A

products derived from the Calvin cycle.

52
Q

what are the limiting factors of photosynthesis

A

temp, light intensity, CO2, water

53
Q

how is nitrogen absorbed and used in a plant

A

active transport in the roots, them through the phloem, then produces amino acids

54
Q

Symptoms of nitrogen deficiency

A

reduced growth of all organs and chlorosis, a yellowing of the leaves due to inadequate chlorophyll production; chlorosis first appears in older leaves.

55
Q

how is magnesium absorbed and used in a plant

A

absorbed as an ion and is needed for the production of chlorophyll, needed everywhere but mostly leaves

56
Q

signs of a magnesium deficiency

A

chlorosis- yellowing between views in older leaves

57
Q

respiration

A

bonds are broken to produce ATP by phosphorylation

58
Q

what is respiration catalysed by

A

enzymes

59
Q

Aerobic respiration

A

complete breakdown of glucose and requires oxygen as the final electron acceptor. Large amounts of energy are released to produce a large number of ATP molecules by oxidative phosphorylation.

60
Q

Anaerobic respiration

A

the incomplete breakdown of glucose in the absence of oxygen, releasing relatively little energy and making a small number of ATP molecules by substrate level phosphorylation.

61
Q

where does glycolysis happen In the cell

A

cytoplasm

62
Q

is glycolysis anaerobic or aerobic

A

anaerobic

63
Q

how many ATP molecules are used in glycolysis

A

2

64
Q

where does the link reaction take place

A

the mitochondria matrix

65
Q

Dehydrogenation

A

he removal of one or more hydrogen atoms from a molecule, catalysed by the enzyme dehydrogenase.

66
Q

Decarboxylation

A

the removal of a carboxyl group from a molecule, releasing carbon dioxide.

67
Q

where does the Krebs cycle take place

A

the mitochondrial matrix

68
Q

what are the products of the Krebs cycle

A

2 CoA
2 4C molecules
4 CO2
2 ATP
6 Reduced NAD
2 Reduced FAD

69
Q

what is the function of CoA from the Krebs cycle

A

Regenerated and returns to the link reaction

70
Q

what is the function of 4C molecules from the Krebs cycle

A

Regenerated to allow the Krebs cycle to continue

71
Q

what is the function of CO2 from the Krebs cycle

A

Waste product, diffuses out of the cell

72
Q

what is the function of ATP from the Krebs cycle

A

Produced by substrate level phosphorylation

73
Q

what is the function of Reduced NAD from the Krebs cycle

A

Pass to the inner membrane of the mitochondria (cristae) and donate electrons and protons to the electron transport chain

74
Q

what is the function of Reduced FAD from the Krebs cycle

A

Pass to the inner membrane of the mitochondria (cristae) and donate electrons and protons to the electron transport chain

75
Q

lack of O2 In animals for respiration

A

glycolysis still continues in the cytoplasm, but reduced NAD must pass its hydrogen atoms to pyruvate; pyruvate becomes the final electron acceptor. Lactate or lactic acid is formed.

76
Q

no O2 In yeast for respiration

A

ATP is produced by substrate level phosphorylation, a net production of 2ATPs per glucose molecule (2% efficiency).

77
Q

how many ATP molecules are produced

A

38 ATPs per glucose molecule.

78
Q

how much net ATPis produced during glycolysis

A

2ATPs by substrate level phosphorylation

79
Q

how much net ATP’s produced during Krebs

A

2ATPs by substrate level phosphorylation

80
Q

how much net ATP’s produced during Chemiosmosis at the inner membranes of the mitochondria

A

34 ATPs by oxidative phosphorylation

81
Q
A

Biology (6 decks)

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