Unit Three: Motivation

Question 1

Considering the direction of motivated behaviour is

a) Useful in understanding whether a person is directed toward achievement of a goal

b) Useful in understanding whether a person is directed toward achievement of a goal or avoidance of a goal

c) Not important to understanding motivated behaviour

d) Useful in understanding whether a person is directed toward avoidance of a goal

Answer 1

b) Useful in understanding whether a person is directed toward achievement of a goal or avoidance of a goal

Question 2

Motivated behaviour is understood through consideration of energy. Energy is linked to the

a) Extrinsic nature of motivation

b) Achievement dimension of motivation

c) Intensity dimension of motivation

d) Dynamic nature of motivation

Answer 2

c) Intensity dimension of motivation

Question 3

Reinforcement is linked to which approach to understanding motivated behaviour?

a) Cognitive approach

b) Behavioural approach

c) Cognitive-behavioural approach

d) All approaches

Answer 3

b) Behavioural approach

Question 4

What approach to understanding motivation is linked to rational and conscious thought?

a) Behavioural approach

b) Cognitive–behavioural approach

c) Social-cognitive approach

d) Cognitive approach

Answer 4

d) Cognitive approach

Question 5

Over the last month, Mary has started exercising five days a week for 30 minutes each day. According to the transtheoretical model, what stage of change is Mary in?

a) Contemplation

b) Action

c) Temptation

d) Maintenance

Answer 5

b) Action

Question 6

Martin finds that his childcare responsibilities often act as a barrier to his exercise program. In order to succeed in reaching his exercise goals for the week, Martin arranges for childcare so that he can make sure he has an opportunity to exercise. This is an example of

a) Coping planning

b) Behavioural intention

c) Action planning

d) Self-efficacy

Answer 6

a) Coping planning

Question 7

Goal orientations grounded in comparisons to others as a source of competence-based information are labelled

a) Attitudinal goal orientation

b) Task goal orientation

c) Ego goal orientation

d) None of the above

Answer 7

c) Ego goal orientation

Question 8

Performing a skill that is well-learned and habitual would be an example of

a) Either a conscious or non-conscious process, depending on the skill level of the athlete

b) A conscious process

c) A non-conscious process

d) A cue

Answer 8

c) A non-conscious process

Question 9

Which of the following statements is consistent with the dual-process model?

a) Only non-conscious processes are used in sport and exercise environments

b) Conscious and non-conscious processes usually work in tandem to help guide our behaviour

c) Only conscious processes are used in sport and exercise environments

d) Conscious and non-conscious processes are always competing.

Answer 9

b) Conscious and non-conscious processes usually work in tandem to help guide our behaviour

Question 10

The most prominent approaches to understanding motivation are grounded in

a) Non-conscious processes

b) Intention

c) Conscious processes

d) Self-efficacy

Answer 10

c) Conscious processes

Question 11

Which of the following is consistent with the cognitive–behavioural approach to understanding motivated behaviour?

a) Thoughts and emotions influence our behaviour

b) Thoughts and emotions influence our behaviour, and our behaviour influences our thoughts and emotions

c) Learning from others is key to understanding motivated behaviour

d) Our behaviour influences our thoughts and emotions

Answer 11

b) Thoughts and emotions influence our behaviour, and our behaviour influences our thoughts and emotions

Question 12

Jessica is considering the implications of an inactive lifestyle on her health. Her thoughts centre on her lack of energy and that she can’t participate in certain activities with her family. According to the transtheoretical model, what process of change dimension is she in?

a) Decisional balance

b) Contemplation

c) Experiential

d) Behavioural

Answer 12

c) Experiential

Question 13

The intention–behaviour gap is a term that has been developed to describe the observation that people don’t always do what they say they are going to do. Which variable was not identified as influencing the intention–behaviour gap in exercise?

a) Identity linked to being an exerciser

b) Gender

c) Habit or past exercise behaviour

d) Affective response to exercise

Answer 13

b) Gender

Question 14

Which of the following is not a component of reciprocal determinism according to Bandura (1997)?

a) Environment

b) Person

c) Identity

d) Behaviour

Answer 14

c) Identity

Question 15

Organismic integration theory (Ryan & Deci, 2017) specifies a motivational continuum that ranges from amotivation to intrinsic motivation. Which of the following is consistent with organismic integration theory?

a) Multiple types of extrinsic motivation exist

b) Autonomous (or self-determined) motivation is associated with greater sport and exercise behaviour

c) Controlled (or non-self-determined) motivation is associated with greater negative affect in sport and exercise contexts

d) All of the above

Answer 15

d) All of the above

Question 16

A personal trainer who provides clients with a variety of exercise options for engaging in moderate- or vigorous-intensity physical activity during each workout session is displaying

a) Autonomy support

b) Structure

c) Competence

d) Controlled motivation

Answer 16

a) Autonomy support

Question 17

Brian experiences considerable stress when playing competitive hockey. When he plays, Brian just wants to avoid doing poorly. What goal orientation is Brian displaying?

a) Avoidance goals

b) Short-term goal

c) Approach goals

d) Intrinsic goals

Answer 17

a) Avoidance goals

Question 18

Meghan is a marathon runner and exercises every day. According to dual-process models, Meghan is likely to respond to environmental cues supporting physical activity through

a) Conscious processes

b) Non-conscious processes

c) Deliberate processes

d) Both conscious and non-conscious processes

Answer 18

b) Non-conscious processes

Question 19

To understand motivated behaviour, it is necessary to consider

a) Emotions, thoughts, and needs

b) Thoughts

c) Needs

d) Emotions

Answer 19

a) Emotions, thoughts, and needs

Question 20

Which of the following approaches to understanding motivated behaviour has been used most frequently by sport psychologists?

a) Behavioural approach

b) Cognitive approach

c) Psychodynamic approach

d) Cognitive–behavioural approach

Answer 20

d) Cognitive–behavioural approach