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Key Terms Flashcards

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1
Q

Sport and Exercise Psychology

A

An interdisciplinary scientific and applied field that embraces the integration of sport science and psychological knowledge

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2
Q

Positive Psychology

A

An area of psychology concerned primarily with understanding the processes that enable people and groups to thrive

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3
Q

Psychologist

A

A term that is defined and regulated by provincial and territorial boards in Canada

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4
Q

Ethics

A

Concerned with matters of right and wrong as they relate to human behaviour

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5
Q

Scientific Constructs

A

Specifically defined terms that have been created for a scientific purpose

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6
Q

Variable

A

A scientific construct that can be assigned a specific value to be counted

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7
Q

Independent Variable

A

The manipulated variable (cause) that produces a change in the dependent variable

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8
Q

Dependent Variable

A

A non-manipulated variable (outcome) that is expected to change as a result of manipulating the independent variable

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9
Q

Theory

A

Specifies relationships across a number of scientific constructs and attempts to explain phenomena across a number of different times, contexts, and people

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10
Q

Research Hypotheses

A

Educated guesses about the nature of the relationships among scientific constructs given specific conditions

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11
Q

Quantitative Inquiry

A

Focuses on quantifying or counting the amount of a particular variable or set of variables

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12
Q

Qualitative Inquiry

A

Focuses on understanding the meanings people assign to their experiences through the collection and interpretation of non-numerical data

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13
Q

Mixed Methods Research

A

A combined approach of using both quantitative and qualitative methods of research

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14
Q

Personality

A

A systematic variation in the way people think, feel, and behave

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15
Q

Disposition

A

Broad, pervasive, encompassing ways of relating to particular types of people or situations

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16
Q

Trait

A

A relatively stable characteristic or quality that may represent a portion of one’s personality

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17
Q

Psychological States

A

Momentary feelings and thoughts that change depending on the situation and time

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18
Q

Openness to Experience

A

Trait including level of curiosity, the opposite of being close-minded

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19
Q

Conscientiousness

A

Trait comprising of orderliness and striving for achievement and self-discipline

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20
Q

Extraversion

A

Trait involving level of assertiveness and an energetic approach to the world

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21
Q

Agreeableness

A

Trait involving general compliance and a positive approach toward others

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22
Q

Neuroticism

A

Trait comprising feelings of tension and nervousness

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23
Q

Humanistic Psychology

A

Psychological approach that focuses on personal responsibility, human growth, personal striving, and individual dignity

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24
Q

Self-Actualization

A

An individual’s attempt to be the best he or she can be or a desire to fulfil one’s potential

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25
Q

Self-Efficacy

A

Belief in one’s capabilities to achieve a specific goal or outcome

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26
Q

Social Learning Theory

A

Theory that suggests people are active agents in shaping their behaviours, influenced by their inner drives and environments

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27
Q

Observational Learning

A

Learning through observing others’ behaviours

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28
Q

Interactionist Approach

A

Interplay between a person and the environment that determines specific behaviours of the individual

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29
Q

Ethical Principles

A

Guidelines that shape professional judgement and behaviour

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30
Q

Risk Taking

A

Narrowing of the margin of safety, both physically and psychologically

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31
Q

Sensation Seeking

A

Seeking of varied, novel, complex, and intense sensations and experiences, and the willingness to take multiple risks for the sake of such experiences

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32
Q

Alexithymia

A

The inability to identify one’s emotions and to describe these feelings

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33
Q

Competitiveness

A

Desire to engage in and strive for success

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34
Q

Perfectionistic Striving

A

Refers to establishing very high personal performance standards and self-oriented achievement striving

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35
Q

Perfectionistic Concerns

A

Reflects aspects of a negative social evaluation, including excessive self-criticism, concerns over mistakes, and doubts about actions

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36
Q

Harmonious Passion

A

Engaging in an activity as part of one’s identity and for the pleasure of the activity

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37
Q

Obsessive Passion

A

Involves a more rigid and uncontrolled urge to engage in activities because of external control or feelings of guilt

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38
Q

Mental Toughness

A

A set of positive characteristics that allow the person to cope with challenging situations to attain important achievement goals

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39
Q

Industriousness-Ambition

A

Trait comprising aspects of achievement/striving and self-discipline

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40
Q

Type A Personality

A

Blend of ambition, low patience, competitiveness, high organization, and hostility with agitated behaviour patterns

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41
Q

Type D Personality

A

Blend of worry, gloom, and lack of self-assurance as a cluster of traits used in medical psychology

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42
Q

Activity

A

Trait involving a general tendency for a fast lifestyle, high energy, fast talking, and keeping busy

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43
Q

Motivation

A

The internal processes, such as your needs, thoughts, and emotions, that give your behaviour energy and direction

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44
Q

Behavioural Approach

A

An approach to understanding motivated behaviour that focuses on conditioning or learning from the environment

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45
Q

Cognitive Approach

A

An approach to understanding motivated behaviour that emphasizes the role of thoughts and cognitive habits

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46
Q

Cognitive-Behavioural Approach

A

Approaches to understanding motivated behaviour that outline the reciprocal influence between cognitions and behaviour

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47
Q

Precontemplation

A

A stage of change in which individuals do not consider exercising in the next six months

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48
Q

Contemplation

A

A stage of change in which individuals are considering exercising in the next six months

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49
Q

Preparation

A

A stage of change in which individuals have taken small steps toward becoming more physically active

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50
Q

Action

A

A stage of change in which individuals have begun exercising in the past six months

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51
Q

Maintenance

A

A stage of change in which individuals exercise and have done so for more than six months

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52
Q

Self-Efficacy

A

Beliefs in one’s capabilities to organize and execute the course of action required to produce specific outcomes

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53
Q

Decisional Balance

A

Advantages and disadvantages of behavioural change

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54
Q

Processes of Change

A

Strategies that individuals use to progress through the stages of change

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55
Q

Theory of Planned Behaviour

A

Personal and social factors influencing intention to engage in a behaviour

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56
Q

Intention

A

A person’s readiness to perform a behaviour

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57
Q

Attitude

A

Positive or negative evaluations of engaging in a behaviour

58
Q

Behavioural Beliefs

A

Consideration of the consequences of engaging in a behaviour and evaluations of these consequences

59
Q

Subjective Norms

A

Perceived social pressures to perform a behaviour from personal or environmental sources

60
Q

Normative Beliefs

A

Perceptions of the values and importance that significant others place on behavioural engagement

61
Q

Motivation to Comply

A

Desire to do what the referent individual encourages

62
Q

Perceived Behavioural Control

A

The extent to which behaviour is volitional

63
Q

Control Beliefs

A

Perceived barriers and facilitators of engaging in a behaviour

64
Q

Intention-Behaviour Gap

A

People do not always do what they intend to do

65
Q

Action Plans

A

Specify when, where, and how to implement an intended behaviour

66
Q

Coping Plans

A

Help people anticipate difficulties that might derail physical activity and generate behavioural responses to overcome them

67
Q

Social Cognitive Theory

A

The personal, behavioural, and environmental factors that influence behaviour

68
Q

Reciprocal Determinism

A

The sets of influences (person, environment, and behaviour) that all interact to influence one another

69
Q

Observational Learning

A

Behaviour is learned and acquired by watching the actions and outcomes of others’ behaviours

70
Q

Goals

A

Ambitions that direct people’s behaviour

71
Q

Outcome Expectations

A

Outcome expectations reflect beliefs that a given behaviour will produce a specific outcome

72
Q

Outcome Expectancies

A

Perceptions of how likely it is that a valuable outcome will follow a given behaviour

73
Q

Self-Regulation

A

Behaviour is self-directed and is initiated, monitored, and evaluated by the individual in a way that is consistent with accomplishing personal goals

74
Q

Behavioural Capacity

A

Behaviour is dependent on the individual’s knowledge and skills

75
Q

Mastery Experience

A

Past performance success and failure for similar behaviours influence self-efficacy

76
Q

Vicarious Experience

A

Modelled behaviours are associated with the development and change in self-efficacy

77
Q

Social Persuasion

A

Verbal and non-verbal feedback from significant, knowledgeable others

78
Q

Physiological and Affective States

A

Physical and emotional cues associated with performance and behaviour

79
Q

Self-Determination Theory

A

A global theory of human motivation and development

80
Q

Amotivation

A

The absence of motivation

81
Q

Intrinsic Regulation

A

Activity is undertaken because it is enjoyable, interesting, stimulating, or self-rewarding

82
Q

External Regulation

A

Activities are performed to fulfil an external demand, achieve a reward, or avoid punishment

83
Q

Introjected Regulation

A

Activity is engaged in to avoid negative emotions

84
Q

Identified Regulation

A

Activity is linked to important and valued goals

85
Q

Integrated Regulation

A

Activity is consistent with a person’s identity

86
Q

Competence

A

Feeling effective and capable when undertaking challenging tasks

87
Q

Autonomy

A

The feeling that one has choice and is in control of one’s behaviour

88
Q

Relatedness

A

Feeling meaningful connections with others in environments such as exercise

89
Q

Autonomy Support

A

An interpersonal style associated with the provision of choices and options

90
Q

Structure

A

An interpersonal style associated with the provision of feedback and the clarification of expectations

91
Q

Involvement

A

An interpersonal style whereby individuals feel others are invested in their health and well-being

92
Q

Achievement Goal Theory

A

A theory of motivation that focuses on differences in how individuals evaluate competence and define success and failure

93
Q

Task Goal Orientation

A

Focuses on past performance or knowledge as the origin of perceptions of competence

94
Q

Ego Goal Orientation

A

Performance evaluations are based on comparisons with others as the determinant of competence

95
Q

Avoidance Goals

A

An individual is focused on avoiding a negative outcome

96
Q

Approach Goals

A

An individual is focused on approaching a positive outcome

97
Q

Conscious Processes

A

Deliberate, slow, guided by beliefs and values, require cognitive processing, and are of limited capacity

98
Q

Non-Conscious Processes

A

Operate quickly, without awareness, are based on feelings, and require minimal cognitive resources

99
Q

Arousal

A

Physiological and psychological activation that varies on a continuum from deep sleep to peak activation

100
Q

Anxiety

A

A negative emotion that is experienced when faced with a real or imagined threat

101
Q

Cognitive Anxiety

A

Mental component of anxiety, referring to worries and concerns and a reduced ability to focus

102
Q

Somatic Anxiety

A

Physical component of anxiety, referring to perceptions of body states, such as clammy hands, a racing heart, or butterflies in the stomach

103
Q

Social Anxiety

A

A specific subtype of anxiety that occurs when people believe they will receive a negative evaluation from others

104
Q

Competitive Anxiety

A

A specific subtype of social anxiety that occurs in competitive sport situations and is related to athletes’ worries that they may be evaluated negatively by others, such as their coach, teammates, or spectators with respect to their bodies, performance, or skills

105
Q

Social Physique Anxiety

A

A specific subtype of social anxiety that occurs when people are worried about receiving a negative evaluation about their bodies from others

106
Q

State Anxiety

A

Anxiety that is experienced at a particular moment in time and can change from moment to moment

107
Q

Trait Anxiety

A

A general predisposition to perceive a variety of situations as threatening

108
Q

Competitive Trait Anxiety

A

The tendency for athletes to experience anxiety during competitive sport situations

109
Q

Self-Presentation

A

The process by which people attempt to monitor and control the impressions that other people form of them

110
Q

Self-Presentational Efficacy

A

Confidence in one’s ability to successfully present a desired image to others, such as being an exerciser

111
Q

Self-Handicapping

A

Behaviours that are used in advance in sport or exercise performance settings to excuse any failures that may occur or accept credit for successes

112
Q

Choking

A

An acute, significant decrement in performance that occurs in situations of high pressure or anxiety, when typical levels of performance are expected

113
Q

Reinvest

A

Consciously controlling physical movements, even for well-learned tasks, rather than performing them automatically

114
Q

Stress Response

A

Physiological, cognitive, emotional, and behavioural reactions when we are faced with heavy demands

115
Q

Stress

A

An experience that is produced through a person-situation relationship that is perceived as taxing or exceeding the person’s resources

116
Q

Stressors

A

External events, forces, and situations that have the potential to be interpreted as stressful

117
Q

Primary Appraisal

A

An evaluation of what is at stake for a person in a situation

118
Q

Secondary Appraisal

A

An evaluation of what can be done in the situation, which depends on an individual’s available resources, level of perceived control, and expectations regarding what is likely to occur in the future

119
Q

Harm/Loss Appraisal

A

An evaluation of a situation in which psychological damage has already been done and the loss is irrevocable

120
Q

Threat Appraisal

A

An evaluation or perception of a situation where an individual anticipates harm might occur or is likely to occur

121
Q

Challenge Appraisal

A

An evaluation or perception that although there are obstacles in the way, they can be overcome

122
Q

Chronic Stressors

A

Stressors that occur over a long period of time

123
Q

Acute Stressors

A

Stressors that occur within a short period of time, and with a sudden onset

124
Q

Expected Stressors

A

Stressors that an athlete plans or prepares for

125
Q

Unexpected Stressors

A

Stressors that are not anticipated and cannot be prepared for

126
Q

Competitive Stressors

A

Stressors that are experienced prior to, during, or immediately following competition

127
Q

Non-Competitive Stressors

A

Stressors that are related to sport but are not directly part of an actual competitive performance

128
Q

Organizational Stressors

A

Environmental demands associated primarily and directly with the organization within which an individual is operating

129
Q

Coping

A

Cognitive and behavioural efforts to manage specific external or internal demands that are appraised as taxing or exceeding the resources of the person

130
Q

Management Skills

A

Behaviours that are routine but that still help the individual avoid problems and help prevent stress from happening in the first place

131
Q

Problem-Focused Coping

A

Coping efforts that help people change the actual situation

132
Q

Emotion-Focused Coping

A

Coping efforts to change the way a situation is attended to or interpreted

133
Q

Avoidance Coping

A

Coping efforts in which athletes attempt to remove themselves from the stressful situation

134
Q

Task-Oriented Coping

A

Coping strategies aimed at dealing directly with the source of stress and its resulting thoughts and emotions

135
Q

Disengagement-Oriented Coping

A

Coping strategies to disengage from the process of trying to make progress on a personal goal

136
Q

Distraction-Oriented Coping

A

Coping strategies to focus on internal and external stimuli that are unrelated to the stressful situation

137
Q

Emotion Regulation

A

The processes by which individuals influence which emotions they have, when they have them, and how they experience and express these emotions

138
Q

Coping Effectiveness

A

A decision about whether or not a coping strategy helped to deal with the problem or to deal with any distress associated with the problem

139
Q

Good News Coping

A

Coping attempts that are organized, flexible, and constructive

140
Q

Bad News Coping

A

Coping attempts that are rigid, disorganized, and destructive

141
Q

Self-Presentation

A

The process by which individuals attempt to control the impressions others form of them

142
Q

Self-Compassion

A

The desire to be moved by one’s own suffering, as well as a desire to alleviate that suffering

Sport Psychology (11 decks)

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