unit three exam Flashcards
what is it know as when europe essentially woke up
the rennissance
what did the rennisance era transform in euppe
knowledge, innovation, policies, ecomomics and socity
europes role to be a powerfull militry force and trading outpose was due to
new technologies, new tactics, wealth and modivation
what technologies were obtained by euope
New technologies such as the caravel (small maneuverable ship with lateen sails & sternpost rudders), compass, and astrolabe (mapmaking), were either invented by Europeans or brought over from Asia
With these new techniques, the Europeans, led by Spain and Portugal, were motivated by
THE 3 G’s:
GOD - the spread of Christianity
GOLD - enrichment through natural resources in the Americas or Indian Ocean trade
GLORY - conquest
Joint Stock Investment
was required to finance exploration, as the ventures were far too cost prohibitive for individual merchants
These multiple parties would fund a percentage of the voyage and receive profit in proportion to the percentage invested
Powerful and Centralized Monarchs and Nobles began to fund these explorations such as
Henry the Navigator of Portugal
Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain
To prevent conflict between Catholic empires, the pope split at Brazil with Portugal getting the East, and Spain the West
(Treaty of Tordesillas)
columbian exchange
old wold and new world trade
EXPORTED FROM AMERICA
FOOD - American crops became staple foods that dominated European, Asian, and Africa diets: Potatoes (Europe), Sweet Potatoes (China), and Maize/Corn Meal (all Afro-Eurasia)
CASH CROPS - Europeans also began large-scale plantations projects in their colonies: Tobacco, Coffee, & Sugar Cane
IMPORTED TO AMERICA
DOMESTICATED ANIMALS - Horses, Pigs, and Cattle
AFRICAN SLAVES - Who brought rice and okra
Triangular Trade
aka the Atlantic System) was a system developed and implemented by the 17th and 18th centuries
The cycle: buy slaves from African kingdoms, send them to work in plantations in the New World, then send the goods to Europe for consumption, sale, or, later, production
Since most American goods were farmed or mined, slave labor was incredibly important to European empire profit, so the Portuguese often purchased slaves from West African kingdoms and ship them along the Middle Passage ( a treacherous and miserable journey across the Atlantic) for sale to European plantation owners–mostly in Brazil and the Caribbean
exchange positive impacts
Europeans began to not only control trade, but from the Americas, they now had goods to fight over and sell
The new food from the Americas was far more diverse and calorie-dense, which led to a wide-spread population boom throughout Afro-Eurasia
exhange negitive impacts
The exchange also introduced the enslavement of Native Americans and Africans for large-scale plantation work
European-style agriculture caused mass deforestation and soil depletion
With no immunities to Afro Eurasia diseases, nearly 90% of the Native American population died upon first exposure to all diseases such as smallpox and measles
Encomiendas
were rewards to Europeans/conquerors in the New World in which encomienderas were given control of the people and land in a particular area
Encomienderas
were essentially the lords who earned land grants from the
King due to their service and conquest with Native Americans as their vassals
The Spanish also employed a
racial hiarchy system
Two types of Europeans in the Spanish New World:
Peninsulares – Europeans born in Spain/Portugal
Creoles – children of the Europeans born in the Americas
Spanish Racial Hierarchy
Peninsulares - Europeans born in the Americas
Creoles – Europeans born in the Americas
Mestizos – European and American Indian mix
Mulattos – Europe and African mix
Zambos - American Indian and African mix
how did spain copy the incas
mita system
how did spain adoptit
by making peasent males work in the silver mines
what led to spanish decline
While control the silver trade would initially provide Spain with a great amount
of economic and military power, mismanagement of taxes, overspending on
foreign wars, and silver inflation would lead to their decline in the 17th century
Mercantilism
A new, designed economic system developed to facilitate the growth in the power of these new, centralizing European states
‘fixed wealth
or certain amount of wealth (gold & silver) in the world, and the goal was to control most of it
methods of mercantilism
First method: sell more to them (exports) than you buy from them (imports)
Second method: steal or interrupt their trade goods and colonies while setting up and protecting your own
charter companies
official charter companies were commissioned by the monarch (British, Dutch, or French) to administrate and run colonies for a set amount of time at their own, private expense
These companies used joint-stock investment to explore, build ships, hire soldiers, and establish colonies/plantations, functioning as a small government in the name of their mother country
ottoman vs
sasifid
The Mughals
were a group of Turco-Mongol invaders from the former khanates of Chagatai and the Il-Khanate
While they defeated and overtook the Delhi Sultanate
in 1526, the invaders were also officially Muslim
what were the beliefes of the ottomens
Additionally, the Ottoman Empire identified with and enforced Sunni Islam
It actively fought Shi’a Islam in it’s off-and-on 200-year struggle against the Persian Safavid Empire, which also began to use gunpowder weapons
What the Safavid Empire is most know for are twofold:
It’s official establishment of Shi’a Islam, and the largest Shi’a state in history
The establishment of a Persian identity and ground laying for modern-day Iran
sunni vs shia
Shia and Sunni Muslims is the importance that the Shiites give to Ali, whom the Sunni do not recognize as being the prophet’s rightful successor.Oct 4, 2015
main thing that cause expanshion durring period 2
gunpowder
gunpowder empire
an empire that used gunpowerd to expnd and reilied on it
what were the gunpowder empires
russia ottomen safavid and mghal
