Unit Three: Enzymes 🧪 Flashcards
what are enzymes?
proteins made by all living cells that speed ups the rate of chemical reactions
what’s the substrate?
the molecule that the enzyme reacts with
what’s the active site?
the part of the enzyme that the substrate fits into
what is enzyme speficity?
every enzyme will only react with certain substances (only ones that fit their active site)
what happens when an enzyme is denatured?
when the active site has changed shape (as a result of high temperatures etc) and can no longer react with substrate
what is a thermostable enzyme?
enzymes that can work at high temperatures, different PH etc, and not become denatured
what are catabolic enzymes?
enzymes which break bigger molecules down into smaller ones (important in the digestive system)
what are anabolic enzymes?
enzymes which build up large molecules from smaller ones
what does the enzyme carbohydrase break down?
carbohydrate
what is the product of carbohydrate being broken down by carbohydrase?
Glucose / simple sugars
what does the enzyme amylase break down?
Starch
what is the product of starch being broken down by amylase?
Glucose
what breaks down protein?
Protease
what is the product of protein being broken down by protease?
amino acids
what does lipase break down?
Fat / Lipids
what is the product of fat being broken down by lipase?
Glycerol and fatty acids
what are molecules that loosely fit into the active site of an enzyme called?
inhibitors
what is the rate of enzyme reactions affected by?
Temperature, PH and the concentration of the enzyme
are commercial enzymes (biological washing powder for example) thermostable?
yes, as the need to withhold the heat of a washing machine
why do biological washing powders contain multiple different enzymes?
food stains are a mixture of substrates so different enzymes will be needed to digest the food molecules
what is digestion?
the breakdown of large, complex, insoluble molecules into small, simple, soluble ones
what’s ingestion?
food is taken into the mouth
what is absorption?
when digested food is released into the bloodstream
what is egestion?
when food that can’t be digested goes out of the anus
what enzyme is present in the mouth?
amylase
what enzyme is present in the stomach?
pepsin (protease)
what enzymes are present in the duodenum (small intestine)?
Amylase, Protease and Lipase
what enzymes are present in the ileum (large intestine)?
Amylase, Carbohydrase/s, protease and lipase
what increases surface area in the ileum?
Villi
what is absorbed into the lacteal (villi)
Glycerol and fatty acids
what is absorbed into the blood capillary (villi)
glucose and amino acids
what does the lymph vessel take t the lymphatic system?
Glycerol and fatty acids
what do the folds in the ileum increase?
Surface area
what does the length of the ileum increase?
surface area
what does the villi in the ileum increase?
surface area
what does good blood supply in the ileum do?
Maintains a steep concentration gradient because of the capillaries in each villus
how does the thin layer of cells on the villus lead to efficient absorption?
short diffusion distance
how does a permeable membrane in the ileum lead to efficient absorption?
allows (digested) molecules to pass through easily
