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CCEA GCSE Biology (Higher Tier) > Unit One: Cells 🧫 > Flashcards

Unit One: Cells 🧫 Flashcards

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1
Q

What do animal cells contain?

A

Cytoplasm, a nucleus, a cell membrane, and mitochondrion

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2
Q

What do plant cells contain?

A

Cytoplasm, a nucleus, a cell membrane, a cell wall (made of cellulose), mitochondria, a permanent vacuole and chloroplasts

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3
Q

What takes place in the cytoplasm?

A

Chemical reactions.

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4
Q

What does the nucleus contain

A

Chromosomes

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5
Q

What is the nucleus surrounded by?

A

The Nuclear membrane

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6
Q

What are the chromosomes inside the nucleus made of?

A

DNA (DeoxyrboNucleic Acid)

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7
Q

What happens within the mitochondrion?

A

Chemical reactions/ cell respiration

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8
Q

What is the purpose of the cell wall (plant cells)

A

Prevent the cell from bursting

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9
Q

What does the vacuole contain?

A

Cell sap, which stores water.

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10
Q

What’s the purpose of the vacuole?

A

(When full) makes the cell rigid and provides support to the plant

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11
Q

What do chloroplasts contain?

A

Chlorophyll (green pigment)

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12
Q

What is the job of chlorphyll?

A

Traps light and helps the plant produce food

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13
Q

Are bacteria cells single celled?

A

Yes

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14
Q

Is there a cell membrane surrounding the cytoplasm in bacteria cells?

A

Yes

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15
Q

Is there a nucleus in bacteria cells?

A

No

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16
Q

What is inside the circular chromosome inside the cytoplasm?

A

DNA

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17
Q

What are plasmids?

A

Small rings of DNA (present in bacteria cells)

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18
Q

What is the cell wall made of (in bacteria cells?)

A

Not cellulose

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19
Q

What does a bacteria cell contain?

A

Cytoplasm, A cell wall, chromosomal DNA, plasmid DNA, and a flagellum (not always present)

20
Q

What’s the unit used to measure cells?

A

Micrometers

21
Q

How many micrometers in a cm?

A

1000 micrometers= 1mm

22
Q

What’s the equation used to calculate magnification of cells?

A

Magnification= length of image divided by the actual length of the image

23
Q

How do you calculate the actual the length of a cell?

A

Actual length= length of the image divided by the magnification

24
Q

What level of magnification can electron microscopes get up to?

A

Up to about 50,000,000x

25
Q

What are some advantages of electron microscopes?

A

Higher resolution and very high magnification

26
Q

What are some disadvantages of electron microscopes?

A

Specimens must be dead, images aren’t in colour, special training required, extremely expensive

27
Q

Is the cell membrane selectively permeable?

A

Yes

28
Q

How do substances move in and out of cells?

A

Diffusion

29
Q

What is diffusion?

A

The random movement of a substance from where it is in a high concentration to where the concentration is lower

30
Q

How is the rate of diffusion affected by the concentration gradient?

A

The larger the concentration gradient, the larger the rate of diffusion

31
Q

How does temperature affect the rate of diffusion?

A

Higher temperatures increase kinetic energy therefore increasing the rate of diffusion

32
Q

How does surface area affect rate of diffusion?

A

The larger the surface area, the faster diffusion takes place

33
Q

What are cells?

A

(Microscopic) Building blocks of living things

34
Q

What are tissues?

A

Cells that are similar in function, grouped together to form tissues

35
Q

What is an organ?

A

A structure made out of several types of tissue, that carries out a particular function (eg, heart, lungs, a leaf)

36
Q

What is an organ system?

A

Groups of organs which co-operate to carry out a particular function (eg, digestive system, cardiovascular system)

37
Q

What is an organism?

A

A group of organ systems that make up a complex animal or plant

38
Q

What are stem cells?

A

Very simple, undifferentiated cells that continue dividing to produce more stem cells and differentiate into a wide variety of specialised cell types

39
Q

What are embryonic stem cells?

A

Stem cells only found in early animal embryos that can form any cell type. They grow rapidly and are easy to culture

40
Q

What are adult stem cells?

A

Unspecialised cells only found in certain organs in adults, these can only produce certain types of cells. They are more difficult to grow and culture.

41
Q

Where are plant stem cells found?

A

Apical growing points or meristems

42
Q

What can stem cells treat?

A

Leukaemia (by transferring bone marrow), to produce new immune cells which can fight disease, to help treat genetic diseases

43
Q

How is leukaemia treated?

A
  1. Chemo and radiotherapy to destroy cancerous cells. 2. The patients bone marrow stops producing new cells. 3. Patient is given a bone marrow transplant. 4. Donor stem cells produce new, healthy cells.
44
Q

What’s a risk of leukaemia treatment?

A

Destruction of the person’s white blood cells leaves the person with no immune system, and the stem cells may divide uncontrollably and produce tumours or unwanted cell types

45
Q

Is the use of embryos (stem cells) be considered murder?

A

Yes

46
Q

Who’s human rights are ignored (stem cells)

A

The embryo

47
Q

What do some people fear may lead to cloning or designer babies

A

Use of Stem cells.

CCEA GCSE Biology (Higher Tier) (4 decks)

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