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A&P1 > Unit Three > Flashcards

Unit Three Flashcards

1
Q

Other words for joints

A

Articulations or arthroses

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2
Q

A joint in contact between:

A

two bones
bones and cartilage
or bone and teeth

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3
Q

What are structural classification for joints based on?

A
  • The presence or absence of a synovial cavity
  • The type of connective tissue that binds the bones together
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4
Q

What type of joints do sutures have?

A

Fibrous joints

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5
Q

Explain fibrous joints

A

No synovial cavity, bones held together by fibrous connective tissue

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6
Q

Explain Cartilaginous joints

A

No synovial cavity, bones held together by cartilage

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7
Q

Explain Synovial joints

A

Presence of a synovial cavity, bones united by dense irregular connective tissue of an articular capsule

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8
Q

What is Synarthrosis?

A

Immovable joint

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9
Q

What is Amphiarthrosis?

A

Slightly movable joint

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10
Q

What is Diarthrosis?

A

Freely movable joints

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11
Q

What is Syndesmoses?

A

Fibrous joints with greater distance between the articulating bones and more fibrous connective tissue than sutures

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12
Q

What type of movement do synovial joints have?

A

Diarthrosis

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13
Q

What is gomphoses?

A

Fibrous joints between the roots of the teeth and the sockets in the mandible and maxillae

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14
Q

What is Synchondroses?

A

Cartilaginous joints connected by hyaline cartilage that have synarthroses movement

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15
Q

What is Symphyses?

A

Cartilaginous joints that are connected by a flat disc of fibrocartilage, they have amphiarthroses movement

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16
Q

What does synovial fluid allow?

A

A joint to be freely moveable

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17
Q

What is the function of the articular capsule?

A

Unite the articulating bones

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18
Q

What is the articular capsule composed of?

A

Outer fibrous layer called: fibrous capsule
Inner layer called: synovial membrane

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19
Q

What secretes the synovial fluid>

A

Synovial membrane

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20
Q

How are people “double-jointed”

A

Increased elastic fibers in articular capsule makes it more flexibility in their articular capsules and ligaments (prob from increased elastic fibers)

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21
Q

What is Synovial Fluid composed of?

A

Hyaluronic acid (GAGs), interstitial fluid from blood plasma, WBCs

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22
Q

Function of synovial fluid

A

reduce friction, absorbs shock, and provides articulating cartilage with O2 and nutrients

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23
Q

What are menisci?

A

Disc of fibrocartilage between the articular surfaces of bones, attached to the articular capsule

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24
Q

What is the process of cartilage receiving oxygen and nutrients via diffusion called?

A

Imbibition

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25
Q

Sprain vs. Strain

A

Sprain: Stretching or tearing of the ligament in a joint
Strain: Stretching or tearing of the muscle

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26
Q

What are sac-like structures filled with synovial fluid called?

A

Bursa

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27
Q

What is the name of an inflamed bursa?

A

Bursitis

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28
Q

Where do you find bursa?

A

Between bones and skin, tendons, muscle or ligaments

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29
Q

What are tendon sheaths?

A

Tubelike bursae that wrap around tendons

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30
Q

What are the movements of the synovial joints?

A

Gliding, angular movements, rotation, special movements

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31
Q

What is the motion of gliding?

A

Flat bone moves back-and-forth and side-to-side on another bone

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32
Q

What is the motion of angular movements?

A

increase or decrease in angle between articulating bones

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33
Q

What is flexion?

A

Decrease in the angle

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34
Q

What is extension?

A

Increase in the angle

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35
Q

What is lateral flexion?

A

Flexion that occurs in the frontal plane (moving the side of head closer to the shoulder)

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36
Q

What is abduction?

A

Movement of a bone away from the midline

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37
Q

What is adduction?

A

Movement of a bone towards the midline

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38
Q

What is circumduction?

A

Movement of distal end of bone/body part in a circle

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39
Q

What is rotation?

A

Movement where the bone revolves around its own longitudinal axis

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40
Q

What are special movements?

A

Movements that occur at certain joints

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41
Q

What is elevation?

A

Moving the body part upward

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42
Q

What is depression?

A

Moving the body part downward

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43
Q

What is protraction?

A

Moving the body part anteriorly in transverse plane

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44
Q

What is retraction?

A

Moving body part posteriorly to normal anatomical position

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45
Q

What is inversion?

A

Turning the soles of the feet medially

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46
Q

What is eversion?

A

Turning the soles of the foot laterally/outward

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47
Q

What is dorsiflexion?

A

Bending the foot upwards

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48
Q

What is plantarflexion?

A

Bending the foot downward

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49
Q

What is supination?

A

Turning the forearm until the palm faces upwards

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50
Q

What is pronation?

A

Turning the forearm until the palm faces downward

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51
Q

What is opposition?

A

Movement of the thumb to touch the other fingers

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52
Q

What are the types of synovial joints?

A

Planar joints
Hinge joints
Pivot joints
Condyloid joints
Saddle Joints
Ball-in-socket joints

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53
Q

What is planar joints?

A

Flat articulating surfaces that permit gliding movement in all planes

54
Q

Examples of planar joints

A

Intertarsal, intercarpal, sternoclavicular and acromioclavicular joints

55
Q

What are hinge joints?

A

Round articulating surface fits into another concave articulating surface
(Only permits flexion and extension)

56
Q

Examples of hinge joints

A

Elbow, knee, angle, and finger joints

57
Q

What is a pivot joint?

A

Rounded or pointed surface that fits into a ring formed by bone and ligaments

58
Q

Examples of pivot joints

A

Atlantis and Axis joint
Proximal radioulnar joints

59
Q

What are condyloid joints?

A

Oval-shaped projection that fits into an oval shaped depression

60
Q

Examples of condyloid joints

A

Radiocarpal and metacarpophalangeal joints

61
Q

What are saddle joints?

A

Articular surface of one bone is saddle-shaped and other articulating surface fits into the saddle

62
Q

Examples of saddle joints

A

Only one: Trapezium and first metacarpal in the thumb

63
Q

What are ball-in-socket joints?

A

Ball-like surface of one bone sits in cuplike depression of another

64
Q

Examples of ball-in-socket joints

A

Shoulder (glenohumeral joint) and hip joint

65
Q

What can change ROM (range of motion)?

A
  1. Tight or lose joint ligaments, capsule or tendons
  2. Hormones (relaxin for birthing process)
  3. Disuse of the joints
66
Q

What is special about the temporomandibular joint?

A

It is both a hinge and planar joint

67
Q

What joint has the most ROM?

A

The glenohumeral joint of the shoulder

68
Q

What is the glenoid labrum?

A

Interarticular fibrocartilage ring over the glenoid fossa (deepings and enlarges the glenoid cavity)

69
Q

What are the joints that make up the knee joint?

A

Lateral tibiofemoral and medial tibiofemoral joint are hinge joints
And patellofemoral joint is a planar joint

70
Q

What leads to arthritis?

A

(As you get older): there is a decrease in synovial fluid, thinning articular cartilage, and decrease of flexibility of ligaments

71
Q

What is arthroplasty?

A

Joint replacement surgery where the end of one or both bones are replaced with metal, ceramic or plastic components

72
Q

What are the functions of muscle?

A
  1. Body movement
  2. Stabilize body position
  3. Storing and moving substances
  4. Generating heat
73
Q

What percentage of your weight is muscle?

A

40-50%

74
Q

Properties of muscle

A

Electrical excitability, contractility, extensibility, elasticity

75
Q

What are fascia?

A

Dense irregular fibrous connective tissue that supports, surrounds and protects muscles and other organs

76
Q

What are endomysium?

A

Loose connective tissue that extends from the deep fascia. They protect and provide capillaries to muscle fibers

77
Q

What are Fascicles?

A

Muscle fibers that are bundles together

78
Q

What are perimysium?

A

Connective tissue that surrounds and provides blood to fascicles

79
Q

What are epimysium?

A

Strong connective tissue that surrounds muscles

80
Q

What forms tendons?

A

Endomysium, perimysium, and epimysium extends beyond the muscle to form tendons

81
Q

How do muscles grow?

A

Hypertrophy - enlargement of muscle fibers due to increase myofibrils (NOT increase in the number of fibers)

82
Q

What is the plasma membrane of the muscle cell called?

A

Sarcolemma

83
Q

What are transverse (T) tubules?

A

Tunnels from the sarcolemma to the center of each fiber

84
Q

What are the function of T-tubules?

A

Deliver the action potential from the nerve to the contractile apparatus of the entire fiber (allows for contraction)

85
Q

What is the cytoplasm of the muscle fiber called?

A

Sarcoplasm

86
Q

What is myoglobin?

A

Molecule found only in muscle that delivers oxygen to the mitochondria of the muscle cells to produce ATP

87
Q

What are myofibrils?

A

Contractile organelles organized in bundles

88
Q

What are sarcomeres?

A

Organized collection of actin and myosin filaments that overlap each other

89
Q

What is the endoplasmic reticulum in fibers called?

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

90
Q

What are sarcoplasmic reticulum?

A

Membranous sacs that encircle myofibril. Function to store calcium ions

91
Q

What is the functional unit of muscle physiology?

A

Sarcomere

92
Q

What are the Z-Line and M-Line?

A

Z-line: Forms the end of plates of a sarcomere and contract between adjacent sarcomeres. Actin filament attach to Z-Line

M-Line: Located in the middle of the sarcomere. Myosin filament are connected to one another here

93
Q

What are the 3 bands or zones of sarcomere?

A

I band: consists of only actin filaments adjacent to their attachment to the Z-Line

A Band - Consists of overlapping myosin and actin filaments.

H Zone: Lies in the middle of the A band and consists of only myosin fibers

94
Q

What bands/zones change during contraction and relaxation?

A

I-band and H-Zone change. But A-Band does not change

95
Q

What proteins are present in the actin filament?

A

Actin, tropomyosin and troponin

96
Q

What is tropomyosin

A

Found in the grooves of the actin that consists of a binding site that interacts with the myosin head

97
Q

Explain Troponin

A

Consists of 3 binding sites:
T portion that binds troponin to tropomyosin
C portion that binds to calcium ions
I portion that inhibits the interaction of actin and myosin

98
Q

Which filaments are thicker: myosin or actin?

A

Myosin filaments

99
Q

What does tropomyosin and troponin do?

A

Inhibit binding before the initiation of a contraction

100
Q

How does the initiation of a contraction start?

A

neurotransmitter binds at the myoneural junction and causes the muscle membrane to depolarize and the release of calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum
Calcium ions bind to troponin and allows for actin to bind to myosin

101
Q

What is ATP’s role in muscle contraction?

A

ATP binds to myosin head and causes dissociation from the actin. ATP then hydrolyzed, releasing energy causing myosin head to bind to new actin

102
Q

What is the power stroke?

A

Process of ATP releasing energy and myosin head to attach to new actin site repeatedly causing the muscle contraction

103
Q

When does contraction end?

A

When the sarcomere is maximally shortened or the calcium ions are used up

104
Q

What causes rigor mortis?

A

Myosin heads remain attached to actin at time of death. As SR breaks down high concentration of calcium ions surround myofibril and muscles stiffen within hours and remain stiff until muscle proteins begin to be broken down by enzymes 15-25 hours post mortem

105
Q

What other ways do fiber produce ATP?

A

Creatine phosphate, anaerobic cellular respiration and aerobic cellular respiration

106
Q

What does Creative phosphate do for muscles?

A

Energy-rich molecule only found in muscle tissue. It provides the leftover ADP with a phosphate group to make it to a useful energy molecule: ATP

107
Q

What is the “burn” sensation while working out?

A

Microscopic tears in the muscle fibers upon eccentric contraction

108
Q

How much energy can anaerobic respiration provide?

A

About 30-40 seconds of maximal muscle activity

109
Q

How much energy does ATP provide?

A

About 15 seconds of muscle contraction

110
Q

Types of muscle fibers

A
  1. Slow oxidative fibers
  2. Fast oxidative-glycolytic fibers
  3. Fast glycolytic fibers
111
Q

About Slow Oxidative fibers

A

Contracts slowly
Favors aerobic oxidation of glucose
Resistant to fatigue
Make up postural muscles

112
Q

About Fast Oxidative-Glycolytic fibers

A

Generates ATP from aerobic and anaerobic respiration
Rate of contraction is 3-5x faster than slow oxidative fibers
Found in muscle of lower limbs

113
Q

About Fast Glycolytic fibers

A
  • Contracts relatively quickly
  • Largest in diameter and contain most myofibrils
  • Favors glycolysis over oxidation because they’re abundant glycolytic enzymes
  • Low fatigue resistance
  • Found in upper limb muscles
114
Q

Colors of the 3 muscle fibers

A

Slow oxidative: Reddish-brown
Fast oxidative-glycolytic: tannish-pink
Fast glycolytic: Whitish

115
Q

What is a Lower Motor Neuron?

A

A neuron that sends its axon from the central nervous system to the muscle

116
Q

What is the neuromuscular junction?

A

The physiological junction between the nervous system and the muscular system

117
Q

What is the anatomical junction between the neuron and the muscle fiber?

A

The motor end plate

118
Q

What is the neurotransmitter that transmits info across the synapse?

A

Acetylcholine (Ach)

119
Q

What happens when the action potential reaches the axon terminal

A
  • The synaptic vesicles are released from the neuron
  • Voltage gated Ca+ channels in presynaptic cell membrane open
  • Influx of Ca+ ions from synaptic cleft triggers the exocytosis of the synaptic vesicles releasing Ach into synaptic cleft
  • Ach diffuses across the synaptic cleft. And binds to and opens Ach channel making influx of Sodium ions into muscle fiber
120
Q

What kind of channel is the Ach channel?

A

Chemically-gated positive ion channel

121
Q

What happens when sodium ions go into muscle fiber?

A
  • they produce an end plate potential which triggers the propagation of a muscle action potential
  • Acetylcholinesterase breaks down Ach and it’s recycled into the axon terminal
122
Q

What is Myasthenia Gravis?

A

Auto-immune disease where antibodies attack the Ach channels. Resulting in paralysis of the muscles

123
Q

What toxin is used in botox?

A

Botulinum

124
Q

How do the myosin heads become exposed?

A

Calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum go into the muscle fiber and attach to the troponin.
Which shifts the tropomyosin and exposes the actin filament.

125
Q

Does Cardiac muscle depend on Ach?

A

No. It contracts when stimulated by its own auto-rhythmic muscle fibers

126
Q

Do skeletal muscles have T-tubles?

A

No. They have caveolae which contain calcium ions

127
Q

Why is the duration of contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle longer?

A

Because they lack T-tubules so it takes longer for calcium ions to reach the filaments

128
Q

What type of muscle can fully regenerate if injured?

A

Smooth muscle

129
Q

What muscle can shorten and stretch the most?

A

Smooth muscle

130
Q
A

A&P1 (5 decks)

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