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A&P1 > Unit One > Flashcards

Unit One Flashcards

1
Q

The science of body functions

A

Physiology

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2
Q

The science of body structures and the relationships among them

A

Anatomy

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3
Q

Condition of equilibrium or balance in the body’s internal environment due to the interplay of the body’s regulatory processes

A

Homeostasis

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4
Q

In the feedback system what is:
The Receptor?
Control Center?
Effector?

A

Receptor: Body structure that monitors changed in a controlled condition
Control Center: Where the receptor sends information to, to establish a range of valued to maintain homeostasis (the brain)
Effector: Where control center sends info to, will produce a response in order to maintain homeostasis

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5
Q

Anatomical term for Skull

A

Cranial

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6
Q

Anatomical term for Face

A

Facial

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7
Q

Anatomical term for Head

A

Cephalic

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8
Q

Anatomical term for Neck

A

Cervical

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9
Q

Anatomical term for Armpit

A

Axillary

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10
Q

Anatomical term for Arm

A

Brachial

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11
Q

Anatomical term for Front of Elbow

A

Antecubital

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12
Q

Anatomical term for Forearm

A

Antebrachial

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13
Q

Anatomical term for Wrist

A

Carpal

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14
Q

Anatomical term for Palm

A

Palmar

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15
Q

Anatomical term for Toes / Fingers

A

Digital or Phalangeal

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16
Q

Anatomical term for Thigh

A

Femoral

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17
Q

Anatomical term for Anterior Knee

A

Patellar

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18
Q

Anatomical term for Leg

A

Crural

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19
Q

Anatomical term for Ankle

A

Tarsal

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20
Q

Anatomical term for Foot

A

Pedal

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21
Q

Anatomical term for Forehead

A

Frontal

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22
Q

Anatomical term for Eye

A

Orbital or ocular

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23
Q

Anatomical term for Ear

A

Otic

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24
Q

Anatomical term for Cheek

A

Buccal

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25
Q

Anatomical term for Nose

A

Nasal

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26
Q

Anatomical term for Mouth

A

Oral

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27
Q

Anatomical term for Chin

A

Mental

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28
Q

Anatomical term for Breastbone

A

Sternal

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29
Q

Anatomical term for Breast

A

Mammary

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30
Q

Anatomical term for Navel (bellybutton)

A

Umbilical

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30
Q

Anatomical term for Hip

A

Coxal

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31
Q

Anatomical term for Groin

A

Inguinal

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32
Q

Anatomical term for Hand

A

Manual

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33
Q

Anatomical term for Pubis

A

Pubic

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34
Q

Anatomical term for Back of Hand / Top of Foot

A

Dorsum

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35
Q

Anatomical term for Chest

A

Thoracic

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36
Q

Anatomical term for Abdonimal

A

Abdomen

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37
Q

Anatomical term for Pelvis

A

Pelvic

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38
Q

Anatomical term for Base of Skull

A

Occipital

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39
Q

Anatomical term for Top of Shoulder

A

Acromion

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40
Q

Anatomical term for Shoulder Blade

A

Scapular

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41
Q

Anatomical term for Spinal Column

A

Vertebral

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42
Q

Anatomical term for Back of Elbow

A

Olecranal

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43
Q

Anatomical term for Between Hips (Posterior)

A

Sacral

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44
Q

Anatomical term for Buttock

A

Gluteal

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45
Q

Anatomical term for Back of Knee

A

Popliteal

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46
Q

Anatomical term for Calf

A

Sural

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47
Q

Anatomical term for Sole of Feet

A

Plantar

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48
Q

Anatomical term for Back

A

Dorsal

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49
Q

Anatomical term for Loin (lower back)

A

Lumbar

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50
Q

Anatomical term for Heel

A

Calcaneal

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51
Q

Superior vs. Inferior

A

Superior: towards the top of the head
Inferior: Away from the head

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52
Q

Anterior vs. Posterior

A

Anterior: Front of the body
Posterior: Back of the body

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53
Q

Medial vs. Lateral

A

Medial: Towards the midline
Lateral: Away from the midline

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54
Q

Directional term for being between two structures

A

Intermediate

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55
Q

Ipsilateral vs. Contralateral

A

Ipsilateral: On the same side of the body
Contralateral: On opposite sides of the body

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56
Q

Proximal vs. Distal

A

Proximal: Nearer to the attachment of the limb to the trunk
Distal: Further from the attachment of the limb to the trunk

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57
Q

Superficial vs. Deep

A

Superficial: Towards the surface of the body
Deep: Away from the surface of the body

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58
Q

Cranial vs. Caudal

A

Same thing as Superior vs. Inferior

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59
Q

What is the Pleural Cavity?

A

Cavity containing the lungs

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60
Q

What is the Pericardial Cavity?

A

Cavity containing the heart

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61
Q

What is the Mediastinum?

A

Cavity in-between the sternum, lungs, and vertebrae. From the neck to the diaphragm

Contains: heart, thymus gland, esophagus, trachea, and large blood vessels

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62
Q

What does the Abdominal Cavity contain?

A

Stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, and most of large intestine

63
Q

What does the Pelvic Cavity contain?

A

Urinary bladder, part of the large intestine, and internal organs of reproductive system

64
Q

Name Abdominopelvic Regions from top right to bottom left

A

Right Hypochondriac, Epigastric, Left Hypochondriac
Right Lumbar, Umbilical, Left Lumbar
Right Inguinal, Hypogastric, Left Inguinal

65
Q

What does Epithelium Tissue cover or line?

A

Body surfaces and lines hollow organs, body cavities, and ducts. Also forms glands

66
Q

Where are cell junctions found?

A

Lateral surface of epithelial tissue

67
Q

Layers of the basement membrane and about them?

A

Basal Lamina: Closer to and secreted by the epithelial cells. Contains proteins and glycoproteins
Reticular Lamina: Closer to connective tissue and contains fibrous proteins formed by the connective tissue cells called fibroblasts

68
Q

Function of the basement membrane:

A

Attach and support the overlying epithelial tissue (to connective tissue)

69
Q

What is Diabetes Mellitus?

A

Basement membranes of small blood vessels and capillaries thickens. Leading to decreased blood flow, decreased O2 and nutrients, causing cell death and worsen to stuff like blindness or loss of sensation in fingers and toes

70
Q

Function of Simple Epithelium Tissues:

A

Movement such as:
Diffusion, osmosis, filtration, secretion, and absorption

71
Q

Function of Stratified Epithelium Tissues:

A

Protection

72
Q

Function of Squamous Epithelium:

A

Movement of substance

73
Q

Function of Cuboidal Epithelium:

A

Secretion and absorption

74
Q

Function of Columnar Epithelium:

A

Protection, secretion and absorption

75
Q

Function of Transitional Epithelium:

A

Distention (stretching)

76
Q

What cells are found in Connective Tissue?

A

Fibroblasts, Macrophages, Plasma cells, Mast cells, Adipocytes, White blood cells

77
Q

What do Fibroblasts do?

A

Secrete the fibers and ground substance

78
Q

What do Macrophages do?

A

Large WBC
Maintain the connective tissue by engulfing bacteria and cellular debris

79
Q

What do Plasma Cells do?

A

Secrete antibodies in the immune response

80
Q

What are Adipocytes?

A

Fat cells that store trigycerides

81
Q

What do Mast cells do?

A

Decrease inflammation and kill bacteria

82
Q

What do White Blood Cells do?

A

Combat foreign substances

83
Q

What is Extracellular Matrix composed of?

A

Mostly water, glycosaminoglycans (to trap water), protein fibers (collagen, elastic, reticular)

84
Q

Explain Collagen Fiber:

A

Strongest fiber, flexible but resistant to stretching
Abundant in bone, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments

85
Q

Explain Elastic Fiber:

A

Smaller than collagen fiber but still strong. Flexible and able to stretch 150% its normal size
Abundant in skin, blood vessels, and lung tissue

86
Q

Explain Reticular Fiber:

A

Very thin fibers that consist of collagen. Provides strength and support.
Abundant in the basement membrane, covering of organs (stroma), and smooth muscle tissue

87
Q

Where is Areolar Connective Tissue found?

A

Subcutaneous layer and dermis deep in the skin, around blood vessels, nerves and organs

88
Q

Function of Areolar Connective Tissue:

A

Provide strength, elasticity, and support

89
Q

Where is Adipose Tissue found?

A

Subcutaneous layer, around heart and kidneys, yellow bone marrow, padding of joints

90
Q

What is the function of Adipose Tissue?

A

Decrease heat loss, provide quick energy when needed, supports and protects

91
Q

Where is Reticular Connective Tissue found?

A

Stroma of liver, spleen, lymph nodes and basement membrane

92
Q

What is the function of Reticular Connective Tissue?

A

Protection and filtration
(filter blood cells in the spleen and microbes in the lymph nodes)

93
Q

Where is Dense Regular Connective Tissue found?

A

Tendons and ligaments

94
Q

What is the function of Dense Regular Connective Tissue?

A

Provides strong attachment between structures

95
Q

Where is Dense Irregular Connective Tissue found?

A

Fascia (tissue beneath skin around muscle and organs), deep dermis of skin, periosteum (bone), joint cavities, pericardium of the heart and its valves

96
Q

What is the function of Dense Irregular Connective Tissue?

A

Provide strength

97
Q

Where is Elastic Connective Tissue found?

A

Lung tissue, large artery walls, trachea, and ligaments around the spine

98
Q

What is the function of Elastic Connective Tissue:

A

Allows stretching of structures and organs

99
Q

Where is Hyaline Cartilage found?

A

Ends of long bones, nose, trachea

100
Q

What is the function of Hyaline Cartilage?

A

Provide smooth surfaces for movement at the joints, and flexibility and support

101
Q

Where is Fibrocartilage found?

A

Pubic symphysis, intervertebral disc, menisci of knee

102
Q

What is the function of Fibrocartilage?

A

Support and fusion of tendons into cartilage

103
Q

Where is Elastic Cartilage found?

A

Epiglottis, external ear, eustachian tubes

104
Q

What is the function of Elastic Cartilage?

A

Support and maintains shape

105
Q

What are the four parts of Compact Bone and their composition/functions?

A

Lamellae: Calcium and phosphate gives bone its hardness and collagen fibers provides strength
Lacunae: small spaces between the lamellae that contain mature bone cells (osteocytes)
Canaliculi: Network of canals that connect lacunae to provides routes for nutrients to reach osteocytes and remove their waste
Central Haversian Canal: Contains blood vessels and nerves

106
Q

What is the function of Compact Bone?

A

Support body, protect organs, store blood and nutrients, houses blood forming tissue

107
Q

What does Liquid Connective Tissue (blood) consist of?

A

Blood plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets

108
Q

What is the function of the cells within blood?

A

RBC: Transport oxygen and carbon dioxide
WBC: Rid the body of foreign substances
Platelets: Clot blood

109
Q

What is the function of Muscular Tissue?

A

Produce body motion, maintain posture, generate heat

110
Q

Describe Skeletal Muscle Tissue:

A

Multinucleated, striated, voluntary movement

111
Q

Describe Cardiac Muscle Tissue:

A

One nucleus, striated, involuntary movement, attach end-to-end via intercalated discs

112
Q

Describe Smooth Muscle Tissue:

A

Non-striated, one centrally located nucleus, involuntary movement

113
Q

What is the function of Smooth Muscle Tissue?

A

Constrict blood vessels to regulate blood pressure, constrict airways in allergic reaction, constrict certain organs

114
Q

What is the function of Nervous Tissue?

A

Conduct nerve impulses to other neurons, muscle fibers or glands

115
Q

What cells provide support to neurons?

A

Neuroglia cells

116
Q

Composition of neurons and their functions:

A

Dendrites: branched structure that receives inputs and sends info to cell body
Cell body: processes information
Axon: long output portion that sends the info to another cell’s dendrites

117
Q

What is the function of the Integumentary System?

A

Protection, maintain constant body temp, provide sensory information about surrounding environment, Vitamin D Synthesis

118
Q

What is the largest organ of the body?

A

Skin

119
Q

What tissue is the Epidermis and Dermis made of?

A

Epidermis: Epithelial Tissue
Dermis: Connective tissue

120
Q

What is subcutaneous layer composed of and its function?

A

Adipose Tissue Storage depot for fat
Blood vessels and nerves receptors

121
Q

Cell types in the Epidermis and their functions:

A

Keratinocytes: Produce keratin, protects the skin from heat, microbes, chemicals, and excess water
Melanocytes: Produce yellow-red or black-brown pigment for skin color. Absorbs UV light, protection
Langerhans cells: Come from red bone marrow and functions to attack invading microbes
Merkel cells: sensory receptor, receives touch stimuli

122
Q

Layers (strata) of the epidermis from deepest to superficial:

A

Stratum Basale
Stratum Spinosum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum Lucidum (only in “thick skin”
Stratum Corneum

123
Q

Where does apoptosis (cell death) start to occur within the epidermis?

A

Stratum Granulosum

124
Q

What happens with psoriasis?

A

Keratinocytes divide and move to the surface quicker (about a week instead of a month). The treatment creams inhibit cell division and growth to stop this

125
Q

Regions of the Dermis and what they’re composed of:

A

Papillary: Areolar connective tissue with elastic fibers, capillaries, touch receptors, and free nerve endings (pain receptors)
Reticular: Dense irregular connective tissue with collagen and elastic fibers, adipose cells, hair follicles, nerves, sebaceous and sweat glands

126
Q

Sensory Receptors and what they detect:

A

Free nerve endings: pain
Meissner’s corpuscle: changes in texture, slow vibration, and light touch
Pacinian corpuscle: rapid vibration, deep pressure
Merkel’s discs: sustained touch and pressure
Hair Root Plexus: position changes of hair

127
Q

What pigments make the color of skin?

A

Melanin, hemoglobin, and carotene

128
Q

Most common skin cancers:

A

Basal Cell Carcinoma
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Melanoma

129
Q

What is Carotene

A

Yellow-orange pigment found in carrots/egg yolks
Eating too much food with a lot of Carotene can turn your skin yellow-orangish

130
Q

What happens with Albinism?

A

Body unable to produce melanin because tyrosine (amino acid) is not being synthesized = no melanin production

131
Q

What happens with Vitiligo?

A

Partial or complete loss of melanocytes in areas leave large white batches

132
Q

What is Cyanosis?

A

Blue color of skin due to decreased blood circulation (I.E less O2)

133
Q

What is Jaundice?

A

Yellowish color of the skin to build up of bilirubin in blood (common in liver disease)

134
Q

What is Erythema?

A

Redness of skin due to the dilation of capillaries. Common in exposure to heat, infection, inflammation, allergies, high BP, or alcoholism

135
Q

What is Pallor?

A

Paleness of the skin due to decreased blood flow may be caused from shock or anemia

136
Q

What is the function of hair?

A

Protection

137
Q

What is hair made up of?

A

Dead keratinized cells bonded together by extracellular proteins

138
Q

What is the Papilla of the hair made of?

A

Areolar Connective Tissue and blood vessels and nerves

139
Q

Why does hair turn gray or white with old age?

A

The melanocytes die off, normally due to lack of blood flow to the papilla

140
Q

What are sebaceous glands and their function?

A

Oil glands, normally connected to the hair
Function: Secrete sebum, keeps hair from dying and becoming brittle, prevent evaporation of water, inhibits growth of certain bacteria

141
Q

What is acne?

A

Inflammation of the sebaceous gland cause by bacteria getting into the gland. Causing whiteheads

142
Q

What are Eccrine glands?

A

Sweat glands, active right after birth, used to regulate and release excess heat in the body

143
Q

What are Apocrine glands?

A

Sweat gland activated around puberty. Normally connected to hair follicle. Stimulated with stress, excess activity, sexual excitement. Found in armpits, groin, genitals. Leads to body order.

144
Q

What is the function of finger nails?

A

Protect the phalanges

145
Q

Where is the Hyponychium located and what is it composed of?

A

Located below the free edge of the nail. Thickened layer of stratum corneum, helps with attachment of the nail

146
Q

What produces the nail body?

A

The nail root

147
Q

What does the nail matrix do?

A

Helps form the nail bed

148
Q

What is the Eponychium?

A

The cuticle of nails

149
Q

What is the white area of nails called?

A

Lunula - white because vessels are obscured

150
Q

What causes clubbing of fingers to occur?

A

Lack of O2 (chronic hypoxia) or lung cancer

151
Q

What causes Terry’s nails?

A

Liver issues - Cirrhosis, disease
Congestive heart failure
Diabetes

152
Q

What can cause pitting of nails?

A

Psoriasis

153
Q

What causes Koilonychia (spoon nails)?

A

Iron deficiency

154
Q

Why is vitamin D important?

A

Allow us to absorb calcium in GI tract - need calcium to strengthen bones, produce nerve impulses, blood clotting, muscle contraction

155
Q

What are the phases of deep wound healing?

A
  1. Inflammatory phase: blood clots to unite edges of wound
  2. Migratory phase: Clot becomes a scat. Fibroblasts and WBC enter site to deposit collagen fibers and clean wound. Blood vessels begin to regrow
  3. Proliferation phase: Regrowth of epithelial cells beneath the scab. Fibroblasts continue to deposit collagen fibers and blood vessels continue to develop
  4. Maturation phase: Epidermis and dermis is restored, collagen fibers become more organized, and scab comes off

A&P1 (5 decks)

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