UNIT THREE Flashcards
Antecedents
events that precede an action
Classical conditioning
association of automatic responses to new stimuli
Conditioned response (CR)
learned response to a previously neutral stimulus
Conditioned stimulus (CS)
stimulus that evokes an emotional or physical response after conditioning
Extinction
the disappearance of a learned response
Negative reinforcement
strengthening behavior by removing an aversive stimulus when the behavior occurs
Neutral stimulus
stimulus not connected to a response
Operant conditioning
learning in which voluntary behavior is strengthened or weakened by consequences or antecedents
Positive behavior supports (PBS)
interventions designed to replace problem behaviors with new actions that serve the same purpose for the student
Positive reinforcement
strengthening behavior by presenting a desired stimulus after the behavior
Punishment
process that weakens or suppresses behavior
Reinforcement
use of consequences to strengthen behavior
Removal punishment
decreases the chance that a behavior will occur again after removing a pleasant stimulus following the behavior
Response
observable reaction to a stimulus
Stimulus
event that activates behavior
Unconditioned response (UR)
naturally occurring emotional or physiological response
Unconditioned stimulus (US)
stimulus that automatically produces an emotional or physiological response
Automaticity
The ability to thoroughly perform learned tasks without much mental effort.
Chunking
grouping individual bits of data into meaningful, larger units.
Cognitive load
the volume of cognitive resources necessary to complete a task.
Declarative knowledge
verbal information, facts; “knowing that something” is the case.
Explicit memory
long term memories that involve deliberate or conscious recall.
Gestalt
German for pattern or configuration…Gestalt theorists hold that people organize their perceptions into coherent wholes
Implicit memory
Knowledge that we are not conscious of recalling, but influences behavior or thought without our awareness.
Information processing
the human mind’s activity of taking in, storing, and using information
Interference
the process that occurs when remembering certain information is hampered by the presence of other information
Long-term memory
Permanent store of knowledge
Perception
interpretation of sensory information
Procedural knowledge
knowledge that is demonstrated when we perform a task; “knowing how”
Retrieval
process for searching for and finding information in long-term memory
Schemas (singular, schema)
basic structures for organizing information
Semantic memory
memory for meaning, including words, facts, theories, and concepts
Sensory memory
system that holds sense information very briefly
Short-term memory
component of memory system that holds information for about 20 seconds
Working memory
the brain system that provides temporary holding and processing of information to accomplish complex cognitive tasks such as language comprehension, learning and reasoning; the information that you are focusing on at a given moment.
