UNIT FOUR

Question 1

Algorithm:

Answer 1

Step-by-step procedure for solving a problem; prescription for solutions.

Question 2

Analogical thinking:

Answer 2

Heuristic in which one limits the search for solutions to situations that are similar to the one at hand.

Question 3

Availability heuristic:

Answer 3

Judging the likelihood of an event based on what is available in your memory, assuming those easily remembered events are common.

Question 4

Belief perseverance:

Answer 4

The tendency to hold on to beliefs, even in the face of contradictory evidence.

Question 5

Confirmation bias:

Answer 5

Seeking information that confirms our choices and beliefs, while ignoring disconfirming evidence.

Question 6

Critical thinking:

Answer 6

Evaluating conclusions by logically and systematically examining the problem, the evidence, and the solution.

Question 7

Executive control processes:

Answer 7

Processes such as selective attention, rehearsal, elaboration, and organization that influence encoding, storage, and retrieval of information in memory.

Question 8

Heuristic:

Answer 8

General strategy used in attempting to solve problems

Question 9

Means-ends analysis:

Answer 9

Heuristic in which a goal is divided into subgoals.

Question 10

Metacognition:

Answer 10

Knowledge about your own thinking processes and how to control them, along with the skills to regulate your thinking.

Question 11

Overlearning:

Answer 11

Practicing a skill past the point of mastery.

Question 12

Representativeness heuristic:

Answer 12

Judging the likelihood of an event based on how well the events match your prototypes-what you think is representative of the category.

Question 13

Schema-driven problem solving:

Answer 13

Recognizing a problem is a ‘disguised’ version of an old problem for which one already has a solution.

Question 14

Transfer:

Answer 14

Influence of previously learned material on new material; the productive (not reproductive) uses of cognitive tools and motivations.

Question 15

Working-backward strategy:

Answer 15

Heuristics in which you start with the goal and move backward to solve the problem.

Question 16

Advance organizer:

Answer 16

A statement or tool that introduces and summarizes concepts to help students organize the information they will learn about.

Question 17

Appropriating:

Answer 17

Being able to internalize or take for yourself knowledge and skills developed in interaction with others or with cultural tools.

Question 18

Cognitive apprenticeship:

Answer 18

A relationship in which a less experienced learner acquires knowledge and skills under the guidance of an expert.

Question 19

Community of practice:

Answer 19

Social situation or context in which ideas are judged useful or true.

Question 20

Constructivism/Constructivist approach:

Answer 20

View that emphasizes the active role of the learner in building understanding and making sense of information.

Question 21

Inquiry learning:

Answer 21

Approach in which the teacher presents a puzzling situation or question and students solve the problem by gathering data and testing their conclusions.

Question 22

Multiple representations of content:

Answer 22

Considering problems using various analogies, examples, and metaphors.

Question 23

Problem-based learning (PBL):

Answer 23

Students are confronted with a problem that launches their inquiry as they collaborate to find solutions and learn valuable information and skills in the process.

Question 24

Reciprocal questioning:

Answer 24

Students work in pairs or triads to ask and answer questions about lesson material.

Question 25

Scaffolding:

Answer 25

The practice of providing students with support for meaning making and independent thinking.

Question 26

Situated learning:

Answer 26

The ideas that skills and knowledge are tied to the situation in which they were learned and that they are difficult to apply in new settings.

Question 27

Spiral curriculum:

Answer 27

Bruner’s design for teaching that introduces the fundamental structure of the subjects early in the school years, then revisits the subjects in more and more complex forms over time.

Question 28

Zone of proximal development:

Answer 28

Developmental phase at which a person can master a task if given appropriate help and support from a more capable person.