UNIT FOUR Flashcards
(28 cards)
Algorithm:
Step-by-step procedure for solving a problem; prescription for solutions.
Analogical thinking:
Heuristic in which one limits the search for solutions to situations that are similar to the one at hand.
Availability heuristic:
Judging the likelihood of an event based on what is available in your memory, assuming those easily remembered events are common.
Belief perseverance:
The tendency to hold on to beliefs, even in the face of contradictory evidence.
Confirmation bias:
Seeking information that confirms our choices and beliefs, while ignoring disconfirming evidence.
Critical thinking:
Evaluating conclusions by logically and systematically examining the problem, the evidence, and the solution.
Executive control processes:
Processes such as selective attention, rehearsal, elaboration, and organization that influence encoding, storage, and retrieval of information in memory.
Heuristic:
General strategy used in attempting to solve problems
Means-ends analysis:
Heuristic in which a goal is divided into subgoals.
Metacognition:
Knowledge about your own thinking processes and how to control them, along with the skills to regulate your thinking.
Overlearning:
Practicing a skill past the point of mastery.
Representativeness heuristic:
Judging the likelihood of an event based on how well the events match your prototypes-what you think is representative of the category.
Schema-driven problem solving:
Recognizing a problem is a ‘disguised’ version of an old problem for which one already has a solution.
Transfer:
Influence of previously learned material on new material; the productive (not reproductive) uses of cognitive tools and motivations.
Working-backward strategy:
Heuristics in which you start with the goal and move backward to solve the problem.
Advance organizer:
A statement or tool that introduces and summarizes concepts to help students organize the information they will learn about.
Appropriating:
Being able to internalize or take for yourself knowledge and skills developed in interaction with others or with cultural tools.
Cognitive apprenticeship:
A relationship in which a less experienced learner acquires knowledge and skills under the guidance of an expert.
Community of practice:
Social situation or context in which ideas are judged useful or true.
Constructivism/Constructivist approach:
View that emphasizes the active role of the learner in building understanding and making sense of information.
Inquiry learning:
Approach in which the teacher presents a puzzling situation or question and students solve the problem by gathering data and testing their conclusions.
Multiple representations of content:
Considering problems using various analogies, examples, and metaphors.
Problem-based learning (PBL):
Students are confronted with a problem that launches their inquiry as they collaborate to find solutions and learn valuable information and skills in the process.
Reciprocal questioning:
Students work in pairs or triads to ask and answer questions about lesson material.
