Unit Test Flashcards
To study
What is geography
Geography is the science of how the earth works and how humans change it, as well as how things are located and arranged on earth (interrelationships).
What do geographers do?
Geographers search for answers to problems with the earth.
What 3 questions do geographers ask?
Where are things located on earth, what are the connections between people and earth, how can we illustrate this to understand it better?
What are the geography subdivisions?
Social, economic, and political geography
What are the main branches of geography?
Physical geography, human geography
What is physical geography?
Physical geography is the study of earth and natural processes (weather, vegetation)
What is human geography?
Human geography is the study of how things on Earth created, controlled, and modified by people (politics, urban)
What are the five themes of geography?
Location (absolute and relative), regions, place, movement, human/environment interaction
What is location (absolute and relative)?
Absolute and relative location are ways of describing positions of Earth’s physical features.
What is absolute location?
Absolute location is the location of something seen through a grid system (longitude and latitude) or fixed address
What is relative location?
Relative location is the interactions and connectedness of places
What are regions (political, climate, culture)?
Regions are places on earth sharing at least one common feature
What are some examples of political regions?
Countries, provinces, cities
What are climate regions?
Areas sharing the same temperature/weather patterns
What are some examples of culture regions?
Language, religion
What is place?
Place is natural and human features that make one place different from others
What are examples of place?
Landforms, climate, plants, people
What is movement?
Movement is how people, goods, and ideas move from one place to another
What is human/environment interactions?
Human interactions are the changes people make to the environment. Environment interactions affect how people work, travel, etc
What are plates?
Plates are pieces that make up the earth’s crust. They float on molten rocks inside earth
How many plates are on earth?
7 major, 60 minor plates
What is the theory of plate tectonics?
The earth is in constant motion because the earth’s crust (plates) is floating on molten rocks
Who created the theory of plate tectonics?
Alfred Wegener
What happens due to plate movement?
Mountains form, fossil fuels form, continents/countries move, earthquakes are triggered
What is deep time?
The further down we dig in the earth’s crust, the further back we go in time
What are the 3 types of plate movement?
Divergent, convergent, transform
What is divergent plate movement?
Plates move apart and both plates get larger. This commonly happens along a mid-ocean ridge
What is convergent plate movement?
Plates move toward eachother. There are two types of convergence, subduction and continental plate meeting continental plate
What is convergent subduction plate movement?
When a continental plate meets an oceanic plate, oceanic plate slides under continental plate
What is convergent continental to continental plate movement?
When 2 continental plates push into each other. Layers of rock are folded, broken, and forced upward creating mountains
What is transform plate movement?
Plates move parallel to each other, opposite or same direction. Plates sometimes get locked up with each other releasing large bursts of energy causing earthquakes
What is a map?
A map is the representation of earth’s features drawn on a flat surface
What are the types of maps?
Political, physical, general purpose, topographic, thematic, digital maps
What are political maps?
Physical maps have boundaries made by humans (countries, provinces), they are colourful
What are general purpose maps?
General purpose maps use symbols and colors indicating major roads for transportation. They include parks, hospitals, tourist attractions
What are topographic maps?
Topographic maps shows us almost every detail. Shows height of land, roads, vegetation, etc
What are thematic maps?
Thematic maps displays geographic patterns of data
What are digital maps?
Digital maps are like topographic maps. They show almost every detail and are found on computers
What is a large scale map?
A large scale map shows a small, zoomed in area of land with a lot of detail
What is a small scale map?
A small scale map shows a large, zoomed out area of land with little detail
What is a compass?
A compass is a way of finding direction
What are the 4 cardinal points?
N, E, S, W (north, east, south, west)
What are the 12 ordinal points?
NE, SE, SW, NW, NNE, ENE, ESE, SSE, SSW, WSW, WNW, NNW
What degree difference is each point?
22.5 degrees
What are all the parts of a map?
Title, frame, scale, direction, legend, labels, colors
How should a map title be formatted?
The name of the map, year
How should labels on maps be?
Labels on maps should be done neatly, accurately, printed (not cursive), horizontally, blue or black ink, no short forms
How should you label water bodies, cities, provinces, and countries?
Water bodies should be italic, cities should be printed normally, provinces should be all caps, countries should be all caps with spaces between letters
Label capital cities of Canada on a map
Label provinces of Canada on a map
Label the oceans around Canada on a map
Label the great lakes as well as Hudson Bay, James Bay, Mackenzie River, Peace River, St. Lawrence River, Fraser River on a map
Label Ottawa, Vancouver, Calgary, Churchill, Saskatoon, Thunder Bay, Sudbury, Montreal on a map
Draw the lines of latitude on a globe
Draw the lines of longitude on a globe
Where is 0 degrees for latitude?
The equator
Why are areas close to the equator warmer than areas that are more north or south?
Areas close to the equator are close to the sun because the equator is the most outward point of the earth. This means it’s the closest part of earth to the sun.
Where is 0 degrees for longitude?
The prime meridian located in Greenwich England
What are Canada’s 6 time zones?
Pacific, Mountain, Central, Eastern, Atlantic, Newfoundland
How many time zones are there in the world?
24
What are the hour and degree differences of time zones?
+1 hour every 15 degrees east of prime meridian, -1 hour every 15 degrees west of prime meridian (Newfoundland is only +30 minutes east)
What are longitude lines?
Lines that meet from north to south
What are latitude lines?
Lines that never meet, parallel and horizontal on earth
Why is it important to understand deep time to understand the theory of plate tectonics?
By seeing the past versions of earth, we can see the difference of how the plates have shifted
What are the 4 main proofs of continental drift?
The jigsaw fit of continents, fossils found on different continents, ice sheets found on land that is now warm, mountain ranges continuing across the sea to other continents
What is a convection current?
Convection currents is when hot matter rises from the mantle, this forms and diverges plates, when plates meet a colder one is dragged under another plate, then the hot matter sinks warms and rises again
Label the rock cycle
How are igneous rocks formed?
When magma or lava cools and hardens
How are sedimentary rocks formed?
When pieces of rock (sediments) are pressed and cemented together
How are metamorphic rocks formed?
When other rocks are changed by heat and pressure under the surface of earth
What is erosion?
Erosion is when particles are carried away from their source by water and wind
What is deposition?
Deposition is when particles are deposited as loosely packed sediments
What is compaction?
Compaction is when particles are squeezed together under pressure
What is cementation?
Cementation is when particles are glued together when mineral solutions harden
What are physical maps?
Physical maps are maps that show earth’s natural physical features.
