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Anatomy & Physiology I > UNIT TEST 1: Intro To The Cell (Ch.3, Pt.1) > Flashcards

UNIT TEST 1: Intro To The Cell (Ch.3, Pt.1) Flashcards

1
Q

Define what a “CELL” is.

A

Structural and functional unit of living organisms.

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2
Q

What determines the STRUCTURE (anatomy) of a cell?

A

Its arrangement

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3
Q

What determines the function (physiology) of the cell?

A

Its activities

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4
Q

How many cells does the human body have approx?

How many different ones?

A

Trillions

200 different types

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5
Q

Which are the three main parts/structures of the cell?

Where are they located?

A

Plasma Membrane - covering of the cell

Cytoplasm (with organelles) - in between the plasma membrane and nucleus.

Nucleus - at the center

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6
Q

Whats the “Plasma Membrane” of the cell?

A

The boundary of the cell: separates intercellular (within the cell) from extracellular (the outside of the cell)

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7
Q

What are the functions of the “Plasma Membrane”?

A

-CONTROL and TRANSPORT substances/molecules in and out of the cell.

-Generate & maintain a resting membrane potential (electrical charge at the surface of the membrane) etc. nerve cells.

  • Allows INTERACTIONS between the inside of the cell and the outside (ex. Cell to cell interaction).
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8
Q

What is the Plasma Membrane structure made of?

A

FLUID Mosaic Model: It explains that its made out a fluid with molecules constantly moving exchanging between new and old.

BILAYER (2 layers) of PHOSPHOLIPID MOLECULES

PROTEINS (50% of mem. mass)
-PERIPHERAL: loosely attached to one surface (“head” sticks in or out).
- INTEGRAL: firmly attached; from one side to the other or half way through the membrane.

CARBOHYDRATES: chain of sugars that can lead to GLYCOPROTEINS (sugars link to proteins) & GLYCOLIPIDS (lipids link to sugars; only on outer surface).

CHOLESTEROL (20% of mem lipid)

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9
Q

What are the PHOSPHOLIPID MOLECULES?

What is the structure made of?

A

Molecules that make up the cell membrane.

They have a HEAD (POLAR PHOSPHATE) that likes H2O and is charged, and
TAILS (NON-POLAR LIPID) that don’t, creating a barrier around cells, is not charged. - Hydrophobic

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10
Q

Why do the POLAR PHOSPHATES (heads of the phospholipids) are facing toward the nucleus and outside of the cell and the NON-POLAR LIPID (tails) are facing toward the center of the membrane?

A

Because there are fluids (H2O) in the outside and inside of the cell, and so the POLAR PHOSPHATE is attracted to H20 and the NON-POLAR LIPID repels the H2O and are attracted to the lipids (tails) of the other layer.

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11
Q

Whats is the NONPOLAR LIPID (TAIL) made of?

A

Two fatty acid chains

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12
Q

What part of the membrane controls what passes and what doesn’t through the membrane?

What can & cannot pass easily? Give ex.

A

The LIPID BILAYER

CAN: Lipid soluble things Ex. O2 & CO2 (gases)

CANNOT: H2O soluble things Ex. Ions, glucose, amino acids, most hormones

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13
Q

Functions of the “MEMBRANE PROTEINS”

A
  • STRUCTURAL support
  • RECEPTOR (hormone interacts and membrane send signals to the cell from).
    -CONTROL and TRANSPORT substances/molecules in and out of the cell.
  • Serve as ENZYMES (quickens necessary chemicals reactions)
  • CELL MARKER (distinguish body cells that are foreign and inform the immune system).
  • Generate & maintain a resting membrane potential (electrical charge at the surface of the membrane) etc. nerve cells.
  • Allows INTERACTIONS between the inside of the cell and the outside (ex. Cell to cell interaction).
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14
Q

Whats the function of the CHOLESTEROL in the Plasma Membrane?

A

Plants doesn’t have it

Regulate fluidity and stability in the membrane. Rigidity (so lipids and other structures don’t move around)

POLAR HYDROXYL GROUP (repels and attracts water, both)

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15
Q

Mention the “Modifications of the Membrane”.

A

MICROVILLI
TIGHT JUNCTIONS
DESMOSOMES
GAP JUNCTIONS

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16
Q

What is Membrane MODIFICATION for?

A

Changes in the membrane occur to adapt to the environment or changes in the body.

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17
Q

Whats MICROVILLI? What’s its function?

A

Finger-like hairs on the surface of some cells (often found on absorptive cells) Ex. Small intestine & Kidney tubules.

Help grab and absorb nutrients from the food as they pass by your digestive system.

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18
Q

What are TIGHT JUNCTIONS? Whats its function?

A

Impermeable junctions (unions) in the membrane.

Prevent molecules from passing through the intercellular space (between the cells). Selects what passes and not.

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19
Q

What are DESMOSOMES? Whats its function?

A

Membrane junction.

Bind neighboring cells together; help to resist tears and mechanical stresses

20
Q

What are GAP JUNCTIONS? Whats its function? Where can they be found?

A

Channel that allows passage of ions and small molecules between cells (intercellular communication)

In electrically excitable cells (in the heart and intestine cells)

21
Q

What’s “The Cytoplasm”?

A

Intracellular fluid between the plasma membrane and the nucleus. Where most cellular processes occur.

22
Q

Mention the three parts of THE CYTOPLAM & definitions

A

ORGANELLES - structures with specific cellular functions

CYTOSOL - fluid of cytoplasm (mainly H2O but also contains protein, salt, sugar, etc) molecules that are soluble in H2O.

INCLUSIONS - chemical substances; differ based on its location. Ex. In liver & skeletal muscles the inclusions are made out of Glycogen. In adipose cells the inclusions are made out of Triglycerides (lipids stored for energy later).

23
Q

How many “Cytoplasmatic Organelles” are? Mention them all.

A

8

Mitochondria
Ribosomes
Endoplasmatic Reticulum (ER)
Golgi apparatus
Lysosomes
Peroxisomes
Cytoskeleton
Centrioles

24
Q

Characteristics of the “Mitochondria”

A
  • Have two membranes: Outer (smooth). Inner (highly folded, called “Cristae”).
    -It has a gelly subtance in the center of the cell called “Matrix”.
  • It had its own DNA (able to reproduce itself
  • Its main function is ATP production (they are the “powerhouse” of the cell)
  • Plenty of them in muscles and nerves cells.
25
Q

Characteristics of the “Ribosomes”

A
  • Made of rRNA & protein.
  • Main function: protein synthesis
  • Two types:
    Free ribosomes (are in the cytosol or fluid from the cytoplasm and make soluble proteins).
    Membrane bound ribosomes (make proteins ready for export or import.
26
Q

Characteristics of the “Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)”

A
  • Parallel membranes forming cavities with fluid that is connected to the nucleus.

Two types:
- Rough ER (rER). Has ribosomes attached. Make antibody cells, liver cells, phospholipids and proteins to form the plasma membrane.
- Smooth ER. No ribosomes attached; more looping shape; lipid metabolism; makes steroids (including metabolism); inactivates drugs/toxins; it’s involved in glycogenolysis; stores calcium in muscle cells (skeletal & cardiac) important for regulation of muscle contraction.

27
Q

Characteristics of the “Golgi Apparatus”

A
  • membranous sacs
    -its main function is to modify, pack and sort protein & lipids made by the rough ER
28
Q

Characteristics of the “Lysosomes”

A
  • Spherical membranous sacs that origins from the Golgi apparatus
  • Contain digestive enzymes
  • Abundant in Phagocytes (digest bacteria)
  • Main function is to digest: worn out organelles, particles taken into the cell, and non useful tissue (after breastfeeding, the breast return to its normal size).
29
Q

Characteristics of the “Peroxisomes”

A
  • Membranous vesicles with oxidative enzymes
  • its main function is to oxides toxins
  • plenty in kidney & liver
30
Q

Characteristics of the “Cytoskeleton”

A
  • Protein fibers in the cytosol (can reassemble or reassemble to change the cell’s structure) that consists of Microtubules, Intermediate Filaments and Microfilaments.
  • Its main function is to support cell shape; movement within the cell (vital for immune response).
31
Q

Characteristics of the “Centrioles”

A
  • Paired cylindrical structures in the “Centrosome” (matrix).
  • Its main function is to: secure Microtubules; form part of Cilia and Flagela, and involved in cell division (mitosis).
32
Q

Which organelles would be involved in making a protein that is to be exported from the cell?

A

Ribosomes, Rough ER & Golgi apparatus

33
Q

Characteristics of the “Nucleus”

A

-Contain the DNA of a cell
- Larger than the organelles
- Its main fuction is to metabolic activities of the cell by storing DNA and convert it into RNA for protein synthesis.

Some cells have more than one nucleus (NUCLEI).
- Multinucleate cells (ex. skeletal muscle cells)

Some cells don’t have a Nucleus: Anucleate cells (ex. mature red blood cells). It removes its Nucleus once protein synthesis is done.

34
Q

What’s the “Nucleus” surrounded by? What are its characteristics?

A

A Nuclear Membrane:
- Has a double layer with pores
- DNA cannot pass thru the pores
- The outer layer is next to the rER
- Contains the “Nuceoplasm” (jelly fluid); “Chromatin” (diffuse form of DNA (contains protein also); “Nucleolus/Nucleoli” (dark bodies that form Ribosomes).

35
Q

What are other Cell structure found in some cells (not all)?

A

Cilia & Flagella

36
Q

Characteristics of “Cilia”

A
  • Short “hairs” on the outer surface of some tissues (they’re numerous)
  • Its function is to move substances across the surface of cells (ex. Mucus in the respiratory tract, so you can breath).
37
Q

Characteristics of “Flagella”

A
  • Long structures
  • Usually one cell has only one, called “Flagellum”
  • Its function is to give movement to some cells (ex. Sperm)
38
Q

What are the three main parts of a cell?

A

Nucleus, Cytoplasm and Plasma Membrane

39
Q

What is the role of cells forming living organisms?

A
40
Q

Examples of cells likely to have an abundance of MICROVILLI, mitochondria, rough endoplasmic reticulum, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, Peroxisomes, cilia, and flagella.

A

Intestinal (epithelial cells)
Pancreatic cells
Liver cells
Secretory cells
Kidney cells
Respiratory epithelial cells
Sperm cells

41
Q

How many different types of cells are in the human body?

A

Over 200

42
Q

Which of the following can pass freely through the plasma membrane? ions
amino acids
oxygen
hormones

A

Oxygen (O2)

43
Q

The fingerlike projections that increase the surface area of some cells are called:

A

MICROVILLI

44
Q

Chemical substances such as glycogen and triglycerides stored in the cytoplasm of certain cells are called:

A

INCLUSIONS

45
Q

Phagocytes are cells that engulf and digest bacteria and cellular debris, so they contain many:

A

Lysosomes

46
Q

Whats the “Centrosome”?

A

A pair of centrioles. MATRIX

Anatomy & Physiology I (5 decks)

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