Unit seven vocab Flashcards
Motivation
need or desire that energizes behavior and directs it towards a goal
Instinct
A theory of motivation suggesting human behavior is motivated by automatic, involuntary, and unlearned responses.
Physiological need
before a person can do anything else with life, he or she must take care of the bodily functions.
Drive-reduction theory
We are motivated to reduce needs and return to a state of equilibrium.
Homeostasis
tendency to maintain balanced internal state
Incentive
positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior
Yerkes-Dodson Law
theory that says a degree of psychological arousal can increase performance, however too much/little decreases
Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers
both associated with the Humanistic (also sometimes called the Client-Centered) approach to psychology
Hierarchy of needs
(level 1) Physiological Needs, (level 2) Safety and Security, (level 3) Relationships, Love and Affection, (level 4) Self Esteem, (level 5) Self Actualization, (level 6) Self Transcendence
Sigmund Freud
the three parts of the mind- the id, ego, and superego.
Personality
The set of thoughts, feelings, traits, and behaviors that are characteristic of a person and consistent over time and in different situations.
Psychodynamic theories
Personality theory that explains behaviors by looking at unconscious drives and feelings.
Psychoanalysis
Freud’s theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts
Unconscious
In Freud’s psychoanalytic theory, the unconscious mind represents the thoughts, desires, and urges that are actively repressed from consciousness and that affect mental activity outside of active awareness.
Free association
a common tenet of psychoanalysis that allows clients to speak for themselves
Id
the storage of unconscious thoughts and these thoughts are all directed toward fulfilling sexual and aggressive drives
Ego
the largely conscious, “executive” part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality
Superego
the part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations.
Psychosexual stages
the childhood stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) during which, according to Freud, the id’s pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones.
Oedipus complex
a desire for sexual involvement with the parent of the opposite sex and a concomitant sense of rivalry with the parent of the same sex
Identification
when someone takes on the characteristics of someone else in order to give himself or herself more power
Fixation
having attachments to people or things that persist from childhood to adulthood
Repression
the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories.
Defense mechanisms
a way for the mind to cope with stress or difficult feelings. They are unconscious mechanisms, which means that a person uses them without realizing it. Defense mechanisms can be positive ways to deal with stress
Alfred Adler
A Neo-Freudian, focused on parenting styles: also emphasized inferiority
Karen Horney
personality is molded by current fears and impulses, rather than being determined solely by childhood experiences and instincts, neurotic trends;
Carl Jung
A neo-Freudian who took Freud’s theory of personality and expanded on it. Jung believed that an individual’s personal unconscious contains the painful or threatening memories and thoughts the person does not want to confront. He contrasted the personal unconscious with the collective unconscious .
collective unconscious
a form of the unconscious (that part of the mind containing memories and impulses of which the individual is not aware) common to mankind as a whole and originating in the inherited structure of the brain.
projective test
seek to reveal unconscious thoughts through the use of ambiguous images, but critics feel these tests reveal more about recent experiences or conscious thoughts than unconscious feelings
TAT
a projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes
Rorschach Inkblot test
the most widely used projective test, a set of 10 inkblots, designed by Hermann Rorschach; seeks to identify people’s inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots.
terror-management theory
describes the conflict between the desire to continue living and the knowledge that death is inevitable
humanistic theories
considers the basic human needs of an individual and how important they really are to the overall happiness of that person
self-actualization
where every person wants to end up. Self-actualization is when the person has a high sense of what is right and wrong. Their morality is at an all-time high. The individual has the potential to solve problems spontaneously as well as having a high level of creativity
self-transcendence
meaning, purpose, and communion beyond the self
unconditional positive regard
an attitude of total acceptance toward another person
trait
a characteristic pattern of behavior of a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports
personality inventory
a questionnaire on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors; used to assess selected personality traits
MMPI
a psychometric test that is often used to detect personality traits and psychopathological tendencies.
empirically derived test
a test (such as the MMPI) developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups
Robert McCrae and Paul Costa
Big 5 Personality model (Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism)
The Eysencks
we can narrow down trait variations
to 2 dimensions: extraversion-introversion
and emotional stability-instability (the
Eysenck Personality Questionnaire
CANOE
Big 5 personality traits. CANOE (for conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness, and extraversion)
social cognitive perspective
Theory that maintains personality both shapes and is shaped by environment
behavioral approach
Approach emphasizing that human behavior is determined mainly by what a person has learned, especially from rewards and punishments.
reciprocal determinism
a person’s behavior both influences and is influenced by personal factors and the social environment.
Albert Bandura
