unit 9 vocab Flashcards
Philip Zimbardo
designed the Stanford prison experiment
Leon Festinger
Developer of the cognitive dissonance theory that we often bring our attitudes into line with our actions
- Solomon Asch
more than 1/3 of the time, “intelligent and well-meaning” college students were “willing to call white,
black” by going along with the group
- Stanley Milgram
can ordinary people perform
evil acts because “they are simply following
orders” or “given a role”?- voltage test
- John Darley
Created a experiment in which they staged a fake emergency as students in separate laboratory rooms took turns talking over an intercom while one student pretended to have an epileptic seizure calling for help to test the bystander effect.
- Bibb Latané
Created a experiment in which they staged a fake emergency as students in separate laboratory rooms took turns talking over an intercom while one student pretended to have an epileptic seizure calling for help to test the bystander effect.
- social psychology
the scientific study of how we think about,
influence, and relate to one another.
- attribution theory
we explain someone’s behavior by crediting (attributing) either the situation or the person’s disposition (traits)
- fundamental attribution error
tendency for observers, when analyzing others’ behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition.
- attitude
feelings, often influenced by our
beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a
particular way to objects, people and events
- peripheral route persuasion
occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker’s attractiveness and/or popularity
- central route persuasion
occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts
- foot-in-the-door phenomenon
the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request
- role
set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave
- norms
rules for accepted and expected behavior
- cognitive dissonance theory
we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel
when 2 of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent.
- conformity
adjusting our behavior or thinking to
coincide with a group standard.
- normative social influence
influence resulting from a person’s desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval
- informational social influence
influence resulting from one’s willingness to accept others’ opinions about reality
- social facilitation
improved performance on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others.
- social loafing
the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable.
- group polarization
enhancement of a group’s prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group
- deindividuation
the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity
- groupthink
mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a
realistic appraisal of alternatives
- culture
The enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next
- prejudice
An unjustifiable attitude towards a group and its members. It generally involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action.
- stereotype
A generalized believe about a group of people.
- discrimination
Unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members
- just-world phenomenon
The tendency for people to believe the world is just in that people there forget what they deserve it deserve what they get
- ingroup
People with whom we share a common identity
- outgroup
Those perceived as different or apart from our in group
- ingroup bias
The tendency to favor our own group
- scapegoat theory
the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame
- other-race effect
The tendency to recall faces of one’s own race more accurately then faces of other races. also called cross race effect and the own race bias
- aggression
Any physical or verbal behavior intended to harm someone physically or emotionally.
- frustration-aggression principle
The principle that frustration the blocking of an attempt to achieve some God creates anger which can lead to aggression.
- social script
A culturally modeled guide for how to act in various situations
- mere exposure effect
The phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them
- passionate love
Aroused state of intense positive absorption in another usually present at the beginning of a romantic relationship.
- companionate love
The deep affection attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined.
- equity
A condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it.
- altruism
unselfish regard for the welfare of others
- self-disclosure
The act of revealing intimate aspects of ourselves to others
- bystander effect
tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present
- social exchange theory
our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs.
- reciprocity norm
expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them
- social-responsibility norm
expectation that people will help those needing help
- conflict
perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas
- social trap
situation in which the conflicting parties, by each pursuing their self interest rather than the good of the group, become caught in mutually destructive behaviors
- mirror-image perceptions
mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful
and views the other side as evil and
aggressive
- self-fulfilling prophecy
belief that leads to its own fulfillment
- superordinate goals
shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation
- GRIT
Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-
Reduction…a strategy designed to decrease international tensions
