UNIT ONE: THE HUMAN BODY: AN ORIENTATION Flashcards
LIST THE LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION OF THE HUMAN BODY
→ Chemical: the chemicals that make up the body. Atoms form into molecules which then form organelles.
→ Cellular: singular cells that are made up of molecules.
→ Tissue: groups of similar cells that perform a similar function
→ Organ: at least 2 different types of tissues that work to complete a common function
→ Organ system: multiple organs working together for a specific function
→ Organism: all organ systems working together to maintain homeostasis
LIST THE 11 TYPES OF ORGAN SYSTEMS, INCLUDE FUNCTIONS AND STRUCTURES
→ Integumentary: includes skin, hair, nails, and glands. Works to protect the body and internal structures as well as synthesize vitamin D.
→ cardiovascular: includes the heart and blood vessels. Pumps blood and transports nutrients and wastes.
→ Respiratory: includes the lungs, bronchi, larynx, pharynx, etc. re-oxygenates blood and expels CO2.
→ Endocrine: contains pituitary, hypothalamus, adrenal glands, etc. Maintains hormone levels in the body.
→ Reproductive: includes ovaries, uterus, fallopian tubes, testes, etc. Matures eggs and sperm and makes sex hormones.
→ Nervous: includes the brain, nerves, spinal cord, etc. Is the control center for the entire body.
→ Lymphatic: contains lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, thoracic ducts, etc. holds immune cells, and returns leaked fluid from the blood back into the blood.
→ Skeletal: contains the bones, gives framework (for muscles) , support, and protection to the body. Is the site for red and white cell production.
→ Muscular: contains the muscles. Facilitates movement and heat.
→ Digestive: contains esophagus, stomach, intestines, etc. breaks down food into usable nutrients.
→ Urinary (exocrine): contains bladder, urethra, kidneys, etc. expels nitrogenous waste from the body.
DEFINE HOMEOSTASIS AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE
Homeostasis is the maintenance of internal conditions despite constantly changing external conditions. It is a gradient and is maintained by all organ systems.
HOW DO NEGATIVE FEEDBACK LOOPS MAINTAIN HOMEOSTASIS
Negative feedback loops counteract disturbing stimuli. It is detected by receptors which send an afferent signal to the control center, usually hypothalamus. The control center will then send a message to the effector, which will perform the appropriate action to counter the stimuli. Homeostasis occurs which sends negative feedback to the control center.
