Unit One test

Question 1

What was the period in history that marked the beginning of modern science from roughly 1543 to 1687?

Answer 1

The Scientific Revolution

Question 2

Who was the Polish astronomer to first propose a comprehensive heliocentric theory (rotates around the sun) published in 1543.

Answer 2

Nicolaus Copernicu

Question 3

The geocentric theory (rotates around the Earth) was proposed by who?

Answer 3

Claudius Ptolemy

Question 4

Who was the German astronomer who established that the orbit of a planet is an ellipse with the sun at one of the two foci?

Answer 4

Johannes Kepler

Question 5

Wbo discovered the principle of inertia in 1600. This laid the foundation for understanding motion?

Answer 5

Galileo Galilei

Question 6

In 1609, who significantly improved the refracting telescope which led him to further discoveries?

Answer 6

Galileo

Question 7

why did the ideas of the Scientific Revolution and people like Galileo concern the Catholic Church?

Answer 7

The Catholic Church held quite a bit of power back then. They had a lot of influence on people. They didn’t want to lose their power. If people hear different things they are trying to preach people may leave, therefore making The Church lose power.

Question 8

What method (modernized by Francis Bacon) is an empirical method of acquiring knowledge that has characterized the development of science since at least the 17th Century?

Answer 8

The Scientific method

Question 9

What is the belief that all acceptable beliefs or propositions are justifiable or knowable only through experience?

Answer 9

Empiricism

Question 10

What is it called when the knowledge that could be attained is attained by reason alone?

Answer 10

rationalism

Question 11

Isaac Newton made contributions in many important fields, including in classical mechanics– focusing on what?

Answer 11

laws of motion and gravity.

Question 12

Newton used the Latin word gravitas. Which meant what?

Answer 12

weight

Question 13

What was a philosophical movement that dominated in Europe during the 1700s centered around the idea that reason was the primary source of authority and legitimacy?

Answer 13

The Enlightenment

Question 14

What was defined as the freedom of religion/religious tolerance, freedom of the press, and freedom from unreasonable government (torture, censorship, and so on)?

Answer 14

Liberty

Question 15

During the Enlightenment, ___blank___ did not simply mean that life was getting better in certain respects. It meant that the human condition was moving toward a specific destination that could be discerned by reason.

Answer 15

progress

Question 16

What was defined as a system of right/justice held to be common to all humans and derived from nature rather than from the rules of society?

Answer 16

natural law

Question 17

Thomas Hobbes wrote Leviathan defending what?

Answer 17

absolute power imposing order

Question 18

what was the document that had an actual or hypothetical agreement between the ruled or between the ruled and their rulers, defining the rights and duties of each?

Answer 18

The Social Contract

Question 19

Rousseau argued that ___Blank____was the general will of the people and that it could not be decided by elected representatives. A direct democracy in which everyone voted to express the general will and to make the laws of the land was best. He had in mind a democracy on a small scale.

Answer 19

Sovereignty

Question 20

What did Montesquieu favor instead of absolutism?

Answer 20

separation/balancing of the powers of government.

Question 21

What were public intellectuals dedicated to solving the real problems the world called? (They were influential in spreading Enlightenment ideas.)

Answer 21

Philosopher

Question 22

In France, What were hosted by wealthy French women to gather and discuss Enlightenment ideas?

Answer 22

Salons

Question 23

In Britain, what served as an alternate sphere supplementary to the university during the Enlightenment? Political groups frequently used these as meeting places..

Answer 23

Coffee houses

Question 24

What was an economic system of trade based on the idea that a nation’s wealth and power were best served by increasing exports and trade?

Answer 24

Mercantilism

Question 25

Adam Smith was a major supporter of what? Which meant (no government involvement) policies?

Answer 25

laissez-faire (no government involvement) policies.

Question 26

Adam Smith proposed the idea of what?—the tendency of free markets to regulate themselves using competition, supply and demand, and self-interest.

Answer 26

an invisible hand

Question 27

Some monarchs with absolute power worried about some rights of the people. This was called what?

Answer 27

enlightened absolutism.

Question 28

What is a form of government in which a single person, usually a king or queen, holds total power.

Answer 28

Absolute monarchism

Question 29

What king is seen as the prime example of absolute monarchy.

Answer 29

King Louis XIV