Unit one terminology Flashcards
null hypothesis
The “null hypothesis” therefore can be disproved, or we can accept a hypothesis given a reasonable amount of certainty and evidence. As such, science engages in seeking to disprove, rather than prove.
The scientific method
Observation - Question - Hypothesis - Experiment - Analysis - Conclusion
basic principles of design
basic principles of design—control as many variables as you can (except the deliberately manipulated variable) always use a control group
Quantitative data
Quantitative data are expressed as numbers, obtained by counting or measuring.
Qualitative data
Qualitative data are descriptive and involve characteristics that can’t usually be counted.
All living organisms share five fundamental characteristics:
1.Cells: All organisms are made up of membrane-bound cells.
2.Replication: All organisms are capable of reproduction.
3.Evolution: Populations of organisms are continually evolving.
4.Information: All organisms process hereditary information encoded in genes as well as information from the environment.
5.Energy: All organisms acquire and use energy
The cell theory
The cell theory: What are organisms made of?
The theory of evolution by natural selection
The theory of evolution by natural selection: Where do organisms come from?
The chromosome theory of inheritance
The chromosome theory of inheritance: How is hereditary information transmitted from one generation to the next?
Individuals must vary in characteristics that are heritable, i.e., traits can be passed on from one generation to the next.
In a particular environment, certain versions of these heritable traits help individuals reproduce more than other versions
Natural selection to occur in a population
four key stages of natural selection
which over time will cause a population to evolve (variation, overproduction, selection, and reproduction)
Speciation:
Speciation: Occurs when populations diverge to form new species
Fitness:
Fitness: The ability of an individual to produce offspring—Individuals with high fitness produce many surviving offspring
Adaptation:
Adaptation: A trait that increases the fitness of an individual in a particular environment
Population
Population: A group of individuals of the same species living in the same area at the same time
The three main branches of life are
The three main branches of life are Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya.
direct the evolutionary process
DNA and any mutations which occur in DNA ultimately direct the evolutionary process
arrangement in the periodic table
Group I,II,III: metallic elements
Group IV: semiconductors
Group V,VI,VII: non-metals
Group VIII: noble gases
difference btw intramolecular forces vs intermolecular forces
The various forces of attraction which exist inside of molecules (intramolecular forces) and those which exist between/amongst molecules (intermolecular forces).
molecule vs an ion
there is a difference between a molecule (which is neutral), e.g., NH3, and an ion (which is a charged species), e.g., NH4+.
Intramolecular forces
Ionic bonding, covalent bonding, metallic bonding
Intermolecular forces
Hydrogen bonding, Van der Waals Forces, London dispersion forces
changing states involves
changing states involves a change in the number and magnitude of the intermolecular forces of attraction in a compound, but does not affect the intramolecular bonds
exothermic
exothermic (heat is released, temperature increases)
(Δ H = - ve or < 0). Energy or heat is released from the system.
spontaneous
endothermic
endothermic (heat is retained, temperature decreases)
energy must be inputted into the system.
Bond breaking is referred to as an endothermic process, whereby the heat change for the process is positive (Δ H = + ve or > 0)
non-spontaneous
energy in a system
Remember that the more energy that is in a system, the more unstable is that system, and the less energy that is contained in a system, the more stable is that system
-NH2
amino groups (-NH2) attract a proton and act as bases,
-COOH
carboxylic acid groups (-COOH) can release a proton and therefore act as acids
oxidation and reduction
oxidation agent and reduction agent
Modern cell theory is governed by three main principles:
Modern cell theory is governed by three main principles: first, DNA is passed between cells during cell division; second, the cells of all organisms within a similar species are mostly the same, both structurally and chemically; and finally, energy flow occurs within cells.
