overview Q's Flashcards
- Describe the common molecular elements of all life on the planet.
Carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen – as well as phosphorus and sulfur.
- Describe the goal of science.
to understand natural phenomena. There are two types of science based on reasoning of either inductive or deductive. These are also known as discovery science and hypothesis-based science.
Discuss the tenets of the scientific method.
. Question-Hypothesis-experiment-observation-analysis-conclusion.
1. Define a Question to Investigate · 2. Make Predictions · 3. Gather Data · 4. Analyze the Data · 5. Draw Conclusions.
- Critically analyze experimental design (4)
1.Experimental design seeks to control the variable being tested in the hypothesis.
2.The use of a control group helps to accurately measure the results of the variable no matter the outcome – supported through the experiment or falsified there knowledge of the process has been increased.
3.Experimental design should be repeatable by other scientists.
4.When choosing the data being collected, it could be quantitative (numbers/measurements) or qualitative (characteristics/descriptive). Counts and measurement are easier to compare than the descriptions
6Use and understand the various methods of data presentation
Depending on the audience will dictate the type of information and language used
Define Scientific Inquiry,
scientific theory and
Scientific law
Scientific Inquiry- asking questions about the natural world,
Scientific theory -well-tested and wildly accepted explanation of a natural phenomenon that is supported by a large body of evidence,
Scientific law- is a descriptive statement that summarises the relationship between variable or phenomena often expressed mathamatical
Discuss the characteristics of life (5)
Cells – all organisms are made of membrane-bound cells,
Replication- all organisms are capable of reproduction
Evolution- Populations of organisms are continually evolving
Information- all organisms process hereditary information encoded in genes as well as information from the environment.
Energy- all organisms acquire and use energy
Briefly explain the theory of natural selection
Variation – Overproduction – Selection – Reproduction
Individuals must vary in characteristics that are heritable, and in a particular environment certain versions of these heritable traits help individual reproduce more than other versions(the blue, green brown beetles or the white and black moths)
Variation – Overproduction – Selection – Reproduction
- Describe atomic structure and the various types of bonding
The primary atomic bonds are ionic, covalent, and metallic
Ionic: exchanging electron (happens btw a metal and a nonmetal
Colvalent: sharing electrons happens btw two nonmetals
Metallic: are created when metal atoms lose their outermost electron to form positively charged ions.
define intramolecular forces and intermolecular forces
Intramolecular forces – ionic bonds, covalent bonds, metallic bonds
intermolecular forces – Hydrogen bonding, Van der Waals Forces
*changing states involves a change in the number and magnitude of the intermolecular forces of attraction in a compound but does not affect the intramolecular bonds
How do the bond effect their melting point and boiling points
The core principle is that the stronger the IMFs in the sample of molecules, the more strongly they interact, which means they stick together more. That leads to the following trends: Stronger IMF → Higher melting and boiling points (harder to melt and boil) Stronger IMF → Lower vapor pressure (harder to boil)
- List the unique properties of water, relating structure to properties
Considered the universal solvent, covalently bonded molecule, intramolecular forces in a water molecule, hydrogen bonding. Water is a unique property – consider that when it is solid it become less dense, which means it floats! This can be explained by the hydrogen bonds formation it increases the bonds and spreads the molecule out therefore the volume increases. Water is polar, a universal solvent, high heat capacity high heat vaporization, cohesion, adhesion and lower density when frozen
Define “energy” and describe energy changes which occur during chemical reactions.
Energy cannot be created nor destroyed but it can be converted from one form to another.
chemical reaction take place through energy changes usually in the form of heat – which is associated with breaking and making bonds. To break a chemical bond energy is required. When chemical bond is formed energy is given off
exo and endo
(-) Exothermic
(-) Exothermic = heat is released and temperature increases (forming bonds), more energy is release than was initially absorbed = the product having less energy. The products are more stable than the reactants, heat change is negative. Examples: combustion (burring O2), respiration, acid dissolving in water, condensation(g->l) and freezing
(+) Endothermic
(+) Endothermic =heat is retained and temperature decreases (breaking bonds), more energy is absorbed than released. Examples: ice melting(s->l), photosynthesis, evaporation, boiling(l->g).
Explain the importance of carbon to life on Earth and list the major functional groups, structural formulae, and related physical properties of compounds.
Explain the importance of carbon to life on Earth and list the major functional groups, structural formulae, and related physical properties of compounds.
Carbon is one of the most versatile atoms on Earth, it have four valence electrons and can form four covalent bond with a variety of other atoms such as hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and other carbon atoms.
(-OH)
hydroxyl (-OH)
(-CH3)
methyl (-CH3)
(C-O)
Carbonyl (C-O)
(-COOH)
Carboxyl (-COOH)
(-NH2)
Amino (-NH2)
(-PO4)
Phosphate (-PO4)
(-SH)
Sulfhydryl (-SH)
Recall the domains of life.
Bacteria,
archaea,
eukaryotes
Describe and identify a typical prokaryotic cell.
Describe and identify a typical prokaryotic cell. Contain circular chromosome found in the nucleoid, they have plasmids, ribosomes, plasma membrane, flagella,
Describe and identify a typical eukaryotic cell (plant and animal).
Describe and identify a typical eukaryotic cell (plant and animal).
Unicellular organisms, contains cytosol with organelles inside. They have a nucleus, Rough ER smooth ER, lysosome, vesicles, ribosomes, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria centrosome, cell membrane. In the case of a plant cell the have a larger vacuole that allows for storage of water and nutrients, a cell wall, and chlorophyll, mitochondria
