Unit One (Pre-Contact-1607)

Question 1

Bering Strait

Answer 1

The land bridge crossed by hunters and fishers between 15,000 and 60,000.

Question 2

Tenochtitlán

Answer 2

the capital of the Aztec empire and one of the world’s largest cities, showing the architectural might of the Natives

Question 3

Aztec and Incas

Answer 3

Indian societies/empires with centralized organization, hunting techniques, political power, religious beliefs, and trade.

Question 4

Cahokia

Answer 4

The largest Native American urban center with 10,000-30,000 citizens that was the largest settled community in the US until 1800. Showed the political and economic connections of the Natives, and that they had established trade throughout half the continent.

Question 5

Pueblo Bonita

Answer 5

largest structure of the Western Indians in Chaco Canyon, New Mexico

Question 6

Great League of Peace

Answer 6

An alliance between the five Iroquois peoples that brought stability to the area and created centralized authority.

Question 7

Animism

Answer 7

Native American belief that sacred spirits could be found in all kinds of living and inanimate things- animals, plants, trees, water, and wind.

Question 8

Matriarchal

Answer 8

In Indian societies women were equals, and in their clans children became members of the mother’s family. Society more centered on female power

Question 9

Christian Liberty

Answer 9

The Christian view that liberty was a spiritual/moral condition because by being God’s servant frees one from sin. Making servitude and freedom non-contridictory.

Question 10

Caraval

Answer 10

A ship capable of long-distance travel that enabled sailors to sail down the coast of Africa and return to Portugal and across the Atlantic.

Question 11

Benin

Answer 11

A city in Central Africa that was reached by Portuguese ships in 1485. Inspired admiration from bronze sculptures

Question 12

Factories

Answer 12

trading posts on the western coast of Africa, called this because of they relied on and attracted merchants, or “factors”. Encouraged further European expansion because other powers saw the great resources and trading opportunities that the portuguese discovered and followed in their footsteps.

Question 13

Atlantic Islands

Answer 13

Colonized by Portugal

Question 14

Sugar plantations

Answer 14

on the atlantic islands, worked by muslim captives and slaves. native population was replaced by slaves from Africa.

Question 15

Christopher Columbus

Answer 15

Explorer that believed that by sailing westward he could reach Asia, ended up discovering America. Wanted to find route to develop trade, spread christianity, and find soldiers for a religious crusade against muslims.

Question 16

Reconquista

Answer 16

“the reconquest” of spain from the moors(African muslims) in 1492.

Question 17

Conquistadores

Answer 17

Spanish explorers with goals of finding wealth, earning the nation gold, and spreading Catholicism through the conquering of the Americas.

Question 18

Hernan Cortes

Answer 18

Spanish explorer that succeeded in conquering the Aztec Empire in 1519 against the odds with the military technology of iron weapons and gunpowder, help of Aztec warriors, and mainly deadly smallpox

Question 19

Francisco Pizarro

Answer 19

Conquered the Incan Empire shortly after Cortes by capturing the King, demanding and receiving ransom, but killing the king anyway. Typical strategy for conquistadores because of effectiveness, as it created chaos.

Question 20

Columbian Exchange

Answer 20

The transfer and combination of goods, people, animals, and cultures across the Atlantic that had never before crossed paths. Crops such as corn, tomatoes, potatoes, peanuts, tobacco, and cotton were brought from America, while wheat, rice, sugarcane, horses, cattle, pigs, sheep and disease came from Europe. Brough diseases such as smallpox, influenza, and measles that killed about 80 million natives because of their lack of antibodies. Making conquest much more achievable.

Question 21

Creoles/criollos

Answer 21

People of European ancestry born in the colonies

Question 22

haciendas

Answer 22

large-scale farms in the Americas at which the Spanish landlords forced the natives to labor.

Question 23

Peninsulares

Answer 23

People of European birth that stood atop the social hierarchy and were a very small portion of the population.

Question 24

Mestizos

Answer 24

People of mixed origin that made up a large part of the population in Spanish America because of the lake of Spanish female settlers. Repopulated the valley of mexico

Question 25

Virgin of Guadalupe

Answer 25

Reported sighting of Mary in 1531 by Indian Juan Diego that became a symbol of the mixing of Spanish and Indian cultures.

Question 26

Protestant Reformation

Answer 26

A movement in Europe to support Protestantism that caused the Spanish conquerors to redouble their conversion efforts. Stated conversion as the main goal of colonization.

Question 27

Bartolomé de Las Casas

Answer 27

Dominican priest that published a book called “A Very Brief Account of the Destruction of the Indians”. In which he accused the Spanish of being responsible for the depletion of the Native Population by treating them as “dumb beasts” and putting them into terrible servitude and captivity. Believed the natives should be free and equal to the spaniards.

Question 27

Encomienda System

Answer 27

Granted authority to the settlers to conquer the native lands and force the inhabitants to preform labor unpaid.

Question 28

Repartimiento system

Answer 28

Replaced the encomienda system after Las Casas complaint, freed the natives and gave them access to wages, land, and freedom. Still required them to work for a fixed amount of time each year and thus still rendered them under the explotating settlers.

Question 29

Black Legend

Answer 29

A writing of Las Casa in which he accuses the Spanish of being brutal and exploitative colonizers and generally painting them in a very bad light. Gave other Europeans the right to deem Spain unfit to colonize the New World and take the land for themselves.

Question 30

Fort Caroline

Answer 30

A small outpost in Florida home to French Protestants that was destroyed by Pedro Menéndez de Avilés in 1565. Spanish forts were established in its place

Question 31

Pueblo Revolt

Answer 31

Natives of New Mexico fighting back in the 1680’s against all of the oppression that the Spanish had forced upon them. Organized by Popé the natives sought to rid the community of the Spanish and restore their traditional autonomy. Resulted in the temporary unification of the Natives of New Mexico and absence of Spanish presence until 1692. Most successful Native revolt.

Question 32

New France

Answer 32

Colony in Quebec and the Mississippi River Valley founded by Samuel de Champlain in 1603. Ruled by the company of New France, did not expand west for fear of being undermined and loosing good relationship with Natives. A positive relationship was necessary because the settlers depended on the fur trade rather than agriculture and needed the Natives assistance with this.
Allowed Natives to maintain independence, traditional social structure, and some religious practices, while integrating them into society.

Question 33

Indentured Servants

Answer 33

People who payed for their tickets to American (government officals, clergymen, merchants, artisans, landowning farmers, lesser nobility) arrived free citizens, but those who could not pay became indentured servants and exchanged their time for a ticket. After a period of time (which would be lengthened if one became pregnant) of enslavery in which servants were controlled by their owners and worked harshly in the cases of many, they received “freedom dues” and granted freedom. Often unsuccessful in building prosperous life.

Question 34

Middle ground

Answer 34

A borderland, a place where numerous peoples and cultures coexist. All of the early English colonies were middle grounds between English settlers, Native Americans, and other European colonists.

Question 35

Metis

Answer 35

The Children of the french and Natives.

Question 36

Dutch West India Company

Answer 36

Employed Henry Hudson in 1609 to find Northwest passage to Asia, but instead found what is today modern day NYC. Started bountiful trade with America and over the next 15 years settled colonists in Fort Orange and Manhattan Island.

Question 37

Patroons

Answer 37

Shareholders who agreed to transport tenants for agricultural labor and gained large estates from the company’s plan of “Freedoms and Exemptions” in 1629. Were allowed to take 10% of tenants income and have complete enforcement over land.

Question 38

Anglican Church (Church of England)

Answer 38

Church started by Henry VIII separating from the Catholic Church, making it the official church of England. Enforced by his daughter Queen Elizabeth, who persecuted Catholics, successfully making the country religiously uniform. Also persecuted Catholics in Ireland.

Question 39

Roanoke Colony

Answer 39

colony on Roanoke Island in 1585 set up by Sir Walter Raleigh who was granted a charter, that was abandoned my many a year later.
In 1590, settlers arrived with supplies to find the colony abandoned and the word “Croatoan” carved on a tree. Former settlers presumed to have joined the Natives

Question 40

Spanish Armada

Answer 40

Unsuccessful attempt by the Spanish in 1588 to invade the British Isles, strengthening the view of the Spanish as England’s mortal enemy.

Question 41

Richard Hakluyt

Answer 41

A Protestant Minister and scholar that wrote “A Discourse Concerning Western Planning” in 1585 at the request of Sir Walter Raleigh to convince Queen Elizabeth I to support the establishment of colonies.

Question 42

Enclosure Movement

Answer 42

Landlords evicting small farmers and turning formerly public land to private in order to expand their profit via sheep and crop rotation. Caused people to flock into the city so prices spiked and half of the population lived below the poverty line. The solution to this was shipping excess citizens off to America to be settlers

Question 43

Masterless Men

Answer 43

The unemployed, vagabonds, beggars, and highwaymen. Idolized because of their true freedom because at the time it was a popular belief that economic dependence meant a lack of freedom.