Unit Five (1844-1877) Flashcards
Santa Fe Trail
Opened in 1821 to connect Santa Fe with Independence Missouri, leading to the incorporation of Mexico into the US sphere of influence and trade.
California
-Non-indian population 1821 was 3,200, outnumbered by 20,000 indians on religious missions and 150,000 tribe members. Mexican government hoped to attracted foreign settlers and decrease catholic influence in 1834 by dissolving great mission landholdings and emancipating indians working for friars.
-Land inherited by Californios, Mexican cattle ranchers who believed themselves to be capable of reason (compared to Indians) and required Indians to work for them.
Tejanos
the non-indian population of Spanish origin, numbered around 2000 when Mexico reached independence.
Stephen Austin
-Moses Austin offered colonization to the Spanish government, a plan which was continued by his son ______ in the 1820s selling small plots of land to American settlers and making them become Mexican citizens. _____ became leader of rebel party calling for authority.
-Spanish government annulled these land contracts and barred emigration in 1830 out of fear for loss of power
Texas Revolt
-Settlers and Tejanos(who enjoyed economic boost) fought for more autonomy in Mexico, an issue exacerbated by the American’s slaves is the abolition community. Mexico’s ruler, general Antonio López de Santa Anna sent an army to impose authority in 1835 which sparked the ____. Rebels formed a government and called for Texan independence, further angered on March 6, 1836 when General’s army stormed Alamo (mission compound) killing 187 rebel Americans and tejanos
-Battle of San Jacinto: Sam Houson (former TN governor) forced Santa Anna to recognized Texan independence and Houston was elected a President of Republic of Texas.
Republic of Texas
1837 texan congress called for union with US, which was not officialized, but nonetheless settlers came into the region, many with slabed and by 1845 the population was nearly 150,000.
Election of 1844/Annexation Debate
-In 1844 President John Tyler revived the annexation of TX in hopes of gaining southern support, and in April 1844 a letter from Calhoun was leaked linking slavery to TX annexation.
-Later Henry Clay and Van Buren agreed to reject immediate annexation to avoid war.
-Clay received Whig nomination, but Van Buren’s reputation was damaged by the annexation rejection and James K. Polk took his place as the Democratic candidate. Polk was a slaveholder with close ties to Jackson and called for a “reannexation” of Texas claiming it was part of the Lousiana Purchase.
-Polk beat Clay in a close election and in March of 1845 Congress declared TX part of US.
“54’ 40” or Fight”
Wanted “reoccupation of Oregon and ____ became a campaign slogan
Mexican War
-First American conflict on foreign soil inspired by manifest destiny which was supported by the majority, but some feared the it was an attempt to expand slavery.
-In June 1846, American insurrectionists proclaimed CA free from Mexican control and named Captain John C. Frémont, the ruler in hopes to incorporate into US, made bear flag.
US Navy sailed to Monterey and San Franciso to raise US flag ending the bear republic
600,000 volunteers fought on 3 fronts.
1.Bear Flag Republic
2.Santa Fe - Stephen W. Kearny occupied without resistance and moved southward to put down Mexican resistance
3.Central Mexico - Battle of Buena Vista: February 1847, Taylor defeated Santa Anna army, but Mexican government refused to negotiate, thus Polk sent Winfield Scott and forces to occupy the capital.
“Spot Resolutions”
Thoreau and Lincoln were against War. Lincoln who was elected to Congress in 1846 introduced a resolution questioning whether the war was justified wanting to know the spot where American blood had been shed in 1847
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
-1848, two governments confirmed the annexation of Texas and ceded CA, NM, AZ, Nevada, and Utah to US, in exchange for $15 million. Also granted male citizens all rights to protect the property of large Mexican land owners in CA, but fought against Indians.
-Gave US ½ million square miles of Mexican territory but severed trade routes and dividing families as about 100,000 Spanish-Indians and 150,000 inhabited the Cession.
Gadsden Purchase
Properties excluded from Mexican Cession that make up present day US including addition purchased land from Mexico in 1853 and Alaska from Russia in 1867.
“Western Borderland”
-Although Anglos (white settlers from East) and Tejanos fought together, Anglos began turning of tejanos in order to gain land and property, expelling them to Mexico.
-Tejanos also faced pressure to Americanize and many began sending kids to English speaking protestant schools, while other refused to convert from Catholicism. Often confined to unskilled agricultural and urban labor jobs.
-Area between Nueces River and Rio Grande was claimed by both US and Mexico but was controlled by the Comanche Indians, thus causing conflict, this way until 1870s.
Race + Manifest Destiny
-During the 1840’s territorial expansion seemed to prove the superiority of the “Anglo-Saxon” race, and race became a popular notion involving color, culture, national origin, class, and religion.
-Link between American freedom and liberty loving qualities of Anglo-Saxon protestants as well as the triumphs of civilization became popularized
-Mexican abolition of slavery and declaration persons of Spanish, Indian, and African origin equal to the law was reversed by the Texas Constitution which revoked rights and protected slavery
-In some places “spanish” mexicans, especially those with social power were deemed white, but residents of New Mexico were deemed too Mexican thus NM was not a state until 1912
Gold Rush
-In January of 1848 gold was discovered by Swiss immigrant Johann A. Sutter at the foothills of the Sierra Nevada Mountains and experienced/ inexperienced miners of from all over the world flocked to California causing the non-indian population to rise from 15000 to 360,000 in 1860.
-Mostly young men but women also ran restaurants and boardinghouses, and worked as laundresses, cooks, and prostitutes.
San Francisco
Center of Gold Rush where competition was strong causing white miners organize to expel “foreign miners” and state legislature imposed a tax of 20 dollars per month on foreign miners which drove many away and CA constitution limited voting and right to testify to only blacks and overran Indian communities, making many slaves.
“Committees of Vigilance”
1851 and 1856 took control of San Fransico neglecting courts and trying to execute those accused of crimes.
Matthew Perry
Commanded warship in 1853 and 1854 that sailed to Tokyo Harbor to successfully negotiate a trade treaty with Japan, who in 1854 opened 2 of their ports of America
-Townsend Harris, the first American consul later persuaded Japanese to open additional ports and established full diplomatic relations
Methodist and Baptist Split
-The acquisition of 1 million square miles of territory from the win over Mexico added to divisions, and in 1844 and 1845, the Methodist and Baptist evangelical churches divided by north and south.
-Foreshadows split of the two-party system
Wilmot Proviso
-New land reopened question of slavery’s expansion and in 1846 Congressman David Wilmot of PA propose the prohibition of slavery from all territory acquired from Mexico.
-Supported by all Northerners but opposed by all southerners causing it to fail in Senate.
Free Soil Party
Organized in 1848 to fight the expansion of slavery headed by Martin Van Buren and Charles Francis Adams, while they did not win election it showed the spread of antislavery sentiment.
“Free soil”
-The call to bar slavery from western territories and for the federal government to provide free homesteads to settlers in the new territories, not as sympathy to slaves, but to advance white man.
-Prevents white men from having to compete with black labor.
Henry Clay
When California asked to be admitted into the union as a free state in 1850 southerners feared for an unbalance in Congress so ____ offered the Compromise of 1850
Compromise of 1850
-Allowed California to be admitted into the Union as a free state with the slave trade abolished in the nation’s capital, new laws to return fugitive slaves, and slavery status in Mexico being the decision of local inhabitants, and US paying of Texas’s debt.
-Compromise was eventually accepted with the help of Millard Fillmore believed by some to be a worth sectional peace, but some Southerners wanting slavery to be protected in all territory.
Seward’s “Higher Law”
William H. Seward of NY declared that the ____ of morality condemned slavery and therefore opposed the Compromise.
Fugitive Slave Act of 1850
-Allowed special federal commissioners to determine fate of alleged fugitives without jury or testimony, as well as federal agents to override local law and enforcement to obtain runaways. Prohibited the intervention of local authorities and required the assistance of local authorities when called upon by federal agents.
-Southerners supported this strongly even though they were usual defenders of state’s rights and autonomy, showing that they value security of slavery over consistency of values.
-Widened sectional divisions and reinvigorated the Underground Railroad (reaches Canada)
Stephen Douglas
Douglas, an Illinois senator and believer in western developments who wanted to extend the railroad through Kansas and Nebraska, offered the principle of popular sovereignty to provide a territorial government in order to establish railroad.
“The Great Triumvirate”
Calhoun, Clay, and Webster that all passed away between 1850 and 1852 leaving Douglas as senate head.
Popular Sovereignty
-Meant that status of slavery would be determined by the votes of local settlers, applied in hopes of reassuring southerners who feared sectional balance from organization of new territories.
-Believe by Douglas to embody local self-government and offered a middle ground.
Appeal of the Independent Democrats
-Douglas’s bill cause the repeal of the Missouri Compromise, leading 2 Ohio Congressmen named Joshua Giddings and Salmon P. Chase to write this appeal. Arraigned Douglas’s bill as a violation and a plot to convert free territory to the dreary inhabitance of master and slave.
-Helped convince millions of northerners that southerners aimed to extend slavery throughout the West and were not reasonable.
Kansas-Nebraska Act
Douglas’s plan which resulted in the disunification of Democratic Party, the collapse of the Whig party (birth of Republican Party from northern Whigs), and Democratic becoming solely southern.
American/Know-Nothing Party
-A secret organization that responded to questions of existence with “I know nothing”. They reserved political office for native-born Americans and resisted the ‘aggressions” of Catholic Church and its involvement in the school system. Sometimes coupled with liquor restrictions.
-Represented nearly every state legislature member in MA 1854 election as well as mayors offices in Philadelphia, Chicago, and San Francisco.
-Immigrants still succeeded in pushing blacks out of jobs and automatically being able to vote- shows how it was not time in the country that mattered, but skin color
“the Slave Power”
Republican Party managed to convince most northerners that “the Slave Power”, or the South’s proslavery political leadership, was the most immediate threat to liberties and aspirations.
“Free Labor”
Rest on idea of _____ that glorified the north as it offered laborers the opportunity to move up in status, thus having economic freedom, unlike the south because of slave labor.
Republican Party
Now contained anti-slavery Democrats, northern Whigs, Free Soilers, and Know-Nothings, who insisted that slavery must be kept out of Western territories so free labor could flourish.
“Freedom National”
Rallying cry that advocated not for abolition, but the end of federal government slavery support
“Bleeding Kansas”
-When Kansas held elections in 1854 and 1855, hundreds of proslavery Missourians crossed the border to cast fraudulent ballots, this was still recognized as legitimate by President Pierce. As a result, settlers from free states established a rival government and a sporadic civil war broke out in Kansas where 200 persons died, and in May 1856 a proslavery mob attacked a freesoil stronghold.
-Discredited Douglas’s policy of leaving decision of slavery up to local population.
Brooks v. Sumner
-SC representative Preston Brooks beat the antislavery MA senator Charles Sumner with a gold-tipped cane after the denunciation of “The Crime against Kansas”
-Showed inclination to violence
Election of 1856
-Republican Candidate John C. Frémont strongly opposed spread of slavery, Democratic James Buchanan was a minister to Great Britain and endorsed popular sovereignty, and Know-Nothings presented ex-president Millard Fillmore.
-Buchanan won the entire South along with Illinois, Indiana, and PA, making him victorious, and the pollings revealed the sectional lines of the election.
Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857)
A case in the 1830s about a slave who accompanied his owner to and resided in the free state of Illinois and upon return sued for his freedom.
Roger Brooke Taney
Chief Justice of the Supreme Court who declared in regards to the Dred Scott case that only white persons could be citizens of the United States thus Scott remained a slave in Illinois.
Lecompton Constitution
Drafted by a pro-southern convention in 1858 and utilized by Buchanan administration in an attempt to admit Kansas as a slave state.
Abraham Lincoln
Before running for president he served 4 times as a Whig in state legislature and once in Congress. Critique of slavery and its expansion and that a decision had to be made in regards to its existence in the country.
Lincoln-Douglas Debates
Debates held in seven Illinois towns over the definition of freedom and next steps for slavery. Lincoln argued that freedom meant the opposition of slavery while Douglas argued that freedom lay in local self-government and individual self-determination and that p
John Brown
Harpers Ferry, Virginia
Ostend Manifesto
Called United States to purchase or seize Cuba, where slavery was still legal, from Spain.
William Walker
“Fire-Eaters”
Southern nationalists who hoped to split the party and the county to form an independent southern confederacy.
Democratic Party
Constitutional Union Party
Election of 1860
Secession
Declaration of the Immediate Causes of Secession
Crittenden Compromise
Confederate States of America
Jefferson Davis
“Cornerstone Speech”
Fort Sumter, SC
“And the war came”
Union
The ____ contained a population of 22 million and dominated in manufacturing, railroad mileage, and financial resources. Passed a draft law second in 1865 and 2 million men served by 1865.
MORE RESOURCES
Confederacy
-The ____ numbered only 9 million, but in order to be defeated the Union had to invade and conquer a large territory. Passed first draft law in 1862 and by 12865 900,000 men had served.
-Slave holdings determined military ranking
Robert E. Lee
-Leading southern commander whose battle tactics aimed to weaken the North’s resolve causing them to abandon the conflict by fending off attacks and exacting defeats.
-Union struggled against him and had to shift their focus from capturing land and occupying territory to defeating the southern armies and making the defeat of slavery their target.
Army of Northern Virginia
Lead by Confederate General Joseph E. Johnston and Robert E. Lee. Faced McClellan’s army of 100,000 men and emerged victorious at the second Battle of Bull Run in August 1862.
Seven Days’ Campaign
A series of engagements in June 1862 on the peninsula south of Richmond at which Lee forced McClellan to withdraw from Washington DC.
Battle of Antietam
In Maryland, McClellan and the Army of Potomac repelled Lee’s advancements and in the process 4,000(ultimately 6,000) men were killed and 18,000 were wounded, making it the bloodiest day in American history. Lee was forced to retreat and the North saw this as a victory.
Ulysses S. Grant
-A West Point graduate responsible for Union success, won the Union’s first significant victory in February 1862 when he captured forts Henry and Donelson in Tennessee and withstood a surprise Confederate attack at Shiloh, Tennessee.
-Simultaneously, naval forces went to New Orleans and gained control over the souths largest city and sugar plantations to the south and west in April.
Border Slave States
Contrabands
“Freedom War”
Radical Republicans
Thaddeus Stevens
Second Confiscation Act
John C. Fremont
Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation
Emancipation Proclamation
Fifty-Fourth Massachusetts Regiment
Fort Pillow Massacre
Second American Revolution
The transformation of American government and society brough about by the Civil War
Ex. Status of Black Americans
Gettysburg Address
Lincolns finest speech in November 1863 at the dedication of a military cemetery in which he identifies the nation’s mission with the “all men are created equal” principle, spoke of war as bring a new birth of freedom, and defined democratic government.
“Union”
A word that separated the states which was replaced by “Nation” as a new national self-consciousness was developed and the political entity was unified.
Thanksgiving
Days declared by Lincoln after northern victories, paired with the encouraging of northern clergy men to vote republican.
Spiritualism
-The Belief in the ability to communicate with the dead, enabled Americans to cope with ass death.
-Mary Todd Lincoln held seances in the White House to talk to dead son Willie.
National Military Cemeteries
Burial grounds for Union soldiers whos bodies were relocated and buried after the war ended. Between 1865 and 1871 300,000 buried. Black soldiers buried in segregated sections.
Ex parte Milligan
Supreme court case in 1866 in which it was declared unconstitutional to bring accused persons before military tribunals where civil courts were operating.
Homestead Act
-Offered 160 acres of free land to settlers in the west, took effect on the same day as the emancipation proclamation on January 1, 1863 both trying to implement a vision of freedom.
-By 1930s more than 400,000 families gained land under provision
Morrill Land Grant Act
Named for Justin S. Morrill of Vermont who introduced the idea of assisting the states to establish “agriculture and mechanic colleges”.
Transcontinental Railroad
-Railroad built by Union Pacific and Central Pacific companies who were granted 100 million acres to stretch from Missouri River to Pacific Coast. Original seen as impractical when introduced in 1846, ended up requiring 20,000 men to work.
-Coolies: Chinese immigrant workers
Glorieta Pass
Where a small union army reinforced by volunteers from colorado and california defeated confederates who hoped to conquer the region and acquire southern california and northern Mexico in March 1862.
Lakota (Sioux) Uprising
Sioux killed hundreds of white farmers in Minnesota before being subdued by army and lead to 300 Indians being sentenced to death in December 1862, largest execution in American history.
Sand Creek Massacre
In November 1864 colorado militiamen attacked a group of around 700 cheyennes and arapahos camped along sand creek in colorado lead by colonel John Chivington to punish Indians responsible for raids on a nearby settlement. Did not locate hostile indians but killed 150 peaceful indians sparking intensified warfare and reform policies to emphasized peaceful assimilation.
Navajo Long Walk
After Indian raiding parties stole over 50,000 sheep in 1860 the Union destroyed their orchards and sheep and forced 8,000 people to move to a reservation. Similar to Trail of Tears.
Greenbacks
Paper money that was declared to be a legal tender(acceptable in almost all payments), $400 million worth printed adding to national debts.
Sanitary Fairs
Grand bazaars that displayed military banners, uniforms, and other relics of war and sold goods to raise money for soldier’s aid. Organized mainly by women.
Clara Barton
Originally a clerk in the Patent Office in Washington DC, when the war began she traveled with the army of Virginia to help organized supplies and aid the wounded, worked alone and unpaid.
Geneva Convention of 1864
As an advocate for women’s suffrage and as president of the American National Red Cross, Barton endorsed the First Genena Convention of 1864 which mandated the humane treatment of battlefield casualties- ratified in 1882 by senate. Will deal with treatment of prisons of war and civilians.
Copperheads
Republican label for those who opposed to the war
Draft
Union’s draft law allowed individuals to provide a substitute or pay for an out, causing indignation and resentment
War Democrats
Those who supported the military effort while criticizing emancipation and the draft and favored immediate peace
New York Draft Riots
In July 1863, the introduction of the draft provoked four days of rioting in which symbols of the new order being created by the war- draft offices, the mansions of wealthy republicans, industrial establishments, and the city’s black population. Largely comprised of Irish and more than 100 died.
“King Cotton Diplomacy”
-As the Confederate nation struggled to produce cotton they tried to suppress cotton production and urged planters to grow food and banned cotton exports in hopes of promoting self-sufficency and forcing the cotton-dependent Great Britain to intervene on their side.
-Ineffective because although there was distress in Britain they also largely depended on northern wheat. Other nations moved to expand production leading to after war issues.
“Twenty-Slave Law”
-Confederacy also had a draft which had a contingency that for every 20 slaves on a plantation, one man could be exempt from draft thus releasing many overseers and planters from service
-Angered many yeomen who were at a disadvantage.
1863 Bread Riots
The planter dominated Confederat Congress was unwilling to issue heavy taxes which they would have to pay so they issued $1.5 billion in paper money and allowed military officers to seize farm goods and pay with practically worthless confederate money. This lead to resentment, poverty, and debt among yeoman farmers and riots broke out.
Heroes of America
One of many peace organizations organized in 1864 actively promoting disaffection.
Southern Unionists
Imprisoned, driving from their homes, executed by the army or civilian authorities, but contributed significantly to union effort as 50,000 white southerns fought for Union.
Black Confederates
The shortage of white manpower made Confederate authorities desperate and lead them to arm slaves to fight and be declared free, thus undermining slavery and the proslavery ideology.
Battle of Gettysburg (PA)
The largest battle on the North American continent with 165,000 soldiers total on the first 3 days of July 1863, resulting in a major Union victory and the Confederate army cut in half.
Battle of Vicksburg (MS)
In late 1862 Union General Grant moved toward confederate city Vicksburg and after struggling launched a siege that caused confederate surrender on July 4, 1863- a loss of 30,000 men, the Mississippi Valley, and morale.
“War of Attrition”
Grant in 1864 was willing to accept high numbers of casualties knowing that the North had manpower and the South did not.
“Rehearsal for Reconstruction”
Sea Island Experiments drew into question whether property should accompany freedom
Sea Islands Experiment
In November 1861 the Union navy occupied these Islands and nearly the entire white population fled leaving only 10,000 slaves. Officers, Treasury agents, investors, and Gideons Band (reformers and teachers there to uplift slaves) were brought in and community was a success, as black families worked for wages, recieved, an education, and better diet and shelter.
Davis Bend, MS
Site of Jefferson and Joseph Davis Cotton Plantations where Grant established a “negro paradise” where emancipated slaves had land divided among themselves and had a government established from which they could elect their own judges and sheriff.
Ten Percent Plan
-System of establishing civilian government in Louisiana that in 1863 Lincoln announced, granting amnesty and full restoration of rights, including property (excluding slaves) for those who affirmed loyalty to the Union. When 10% if voters took oath they could elect state government.
-Gave no role to black, but had intention of weakening confederacy, shortening war, and gaining antislavery support.
Wade-Davis Bill
-Generated by dissatisfaction for 10% plan, this bill required the majority of white male-southerners to take oath before Reconstruction could begin and guaranteed blacks equal before the law(no vote)
-Passed Congress but rejected by Lincoln.
March to the Sea
Began in November of 1864 with Sherman and his 60,000 Union soldiers marching through Atlanta destroying railroads, building, food, and supplies as a show of power to inspire fear. After caputing Savannah in January of 1865 they continued to South Carolina destroying planters’ homes, smokehouses, and store rooms, claiming the land for themselves.
Thirteenth Amendment
Approved on January 31, 1865, abolishing slavery throughout the entire Union in the constitution.
Appomattox Courthouse
Where Lee surrendered and Civil war was deemed over on April 9th in Virginia.
John Wilkes Booth
Famous actor and assassinator of Lincoln on April 11 in Ford’s Theater in Washington DC
Grand Review
A final celebration of the nation’s triumph in May 1865 in DC.
Reconstruction
The rebuilding of the nation to include black Americans freedom and citizenship. From this institutions including education and family life were strengthened, blacks relished in the abilities to do what slavery had restricted (travel, purchase of goods, meetings without supervision), and independence in religion and politics flourished.
Special Field Order No. 15
-Issued by Sherman in January 1865 giving blacks the Sea Islands and space in GA and SC to have have 40 acre plots of land and old broken down mules that the army could not use. By June 40,000 settled on Sherman Lands
-Derived term “40 acres and a mule”
Freedmen’s Bureau
Agency established in Congress in March 1865 and lasted till 1870 to make a working free labor system. Tasked with establishing schools, providing aid to the poor and aged, settling disputes between black and white, and securing equal treatment before the court. Most successful in helping schools (3,000 with over 150,00 pupils) and expanding the hospitals to provide medical care.
Freedom
-Former slaves’ definition of freedom directly correlated to that of white Americans, including self ownership, family stability, religious liberty, political participation, economic autonomy, and most importantly the right to vote and have land.
-However to southerners black freedom was still hierarchy and mastery, a privilege not right
Free Labor
In the South the vision of emancipated blacks having the same opportunities as northern workers so they would labor more productively than they had as slaves, a way to make labor close to slavery. Fell to Freedmen’s Bureau to correct.
“Sherman Land”
In Summer of 1865, President Johnson forcibly evicted blacks who settled on _____ and land distribution stopped resulting in the vast majority of freed people to be in poverty and without property, confining them to farm work, unskilled labor, and service jobs.
Task System
One of new systems of labor supervision in which workers were assigned daily tasks and completion of these ended their responsibilities for the day, popular in rice kingdoms of SC and GA
Sharecropping
Another system popular on Cotton and tobacco farms which allowed black families to rent a part of a plantation and crops were divided between workers and owners at the end of the year, allowing planters stable residence in labor force. Became increasingly more oppresive as economic opportunities declines.
Crop-Lien
The system of taking up the growing of cotton and pleading part of the crop as collateral in order to obtain supplies from merchants. Caused many to fall into dept even after marketing crop.
Andrew Johnson
Johnson quickly climbed political ranks and deemed himself a defender of honest yeomen and Union (only senator from seceding state to remain in DC at start of war), nominated in 1864 to be Republican vice president. Believer in states rights and believed that the southern states were always apart of the Union, however was deeply racist and believe blacks were irrelevant in recon.
Presidential Reconstruction
Plan by Johnson from May 1865-1867 offeriing a pardon to white southerners allegant to the Union, excluding confederate leaders and wealthy planters with property above $20,000 (most receive pardons from president). Also appointed provisional governors and ordered them to call state conventions to establish local government, giving them a freehand in managing local affairs.
Conduct of southern governments turned most of Republican North against the president
Black Codes
Lass passd by the new southern governments that attempted to regulate lives of former slaves by granting blacks the rights of legal marriage, property ownership, and limited access to court, but denied them the right to testify against whites, serve on juries and in militias, and vote, also required them to work on plantations directly violating free labor principles and emancipation.
Thaddeus Stevens
-A radical who was a Pennsylvannia Representative and believed in equal rights for all, moved to confiscate the land of disloyal planters and divide it among former slaves and migrants
-Was not passed because of sanctity of property rights
Civil Rights Bill of 1866
-One of two bills proposed in 1866 by Senator Lyman Trumbull of Illnois reflecting the moderates belief that Johnson’s policy required revisions. Defined all persons born in the US as citizens and spelled out their rights without regard to race, including equality before law( against Black Codes). First attempt to solidify 13th amendment.
-Vetoed by Johnson who believed it would deprive states of autonomy and blacks were undeserving, but overruled by congress and enacted in 1866.
Fourteenth Amendment
-Congress’s plan of reconstruction, establishing birthright citizenship(not for native americans) and preventing states from denying citizens rights threatening their representation in Congress.
-Created a division between parties
“Swing Around the Circle”
Johnson’s speaking tour of the North in 1866 to urge voters to elect member of Congress committed to his Reconstruction program. Behavior on this tour undermined public support
Memphis/New Orleans Race Riots
During the “Swing Around the Circle” tour in which white policemen and citizens killed blacks.
Reconstruction Act
Adopted by Congress in March of 1867 after Johnson’s veto to divide the South into five military districts and create new state governments with suffrage to black men. Began period of Radical Reconstruction which lasted until 1877.
Tenure of Office Act
-Adopted by Congress at the same time as the Reconstruction Act (March 1867) barring the president from removing certain officeholders without the consent of the Senate.
-Johnson saw this as an unconstitutional restiction on his rights and in February of 1868 dismissed Radical ally Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton.
Impeachment
-Approved by House of Representatives after Stanton’s dismissal to present charges against Johnson to the Senate who would decide whether or not to remove him from office.
-Vote was one short of the necessary ⅔ needed for removal
Ulysses S. Grant
Nominated by Republicans as a presidential candidate against Democrat Horatio Seymour, gained a lot of votes because past military success.
Fifteenth Amendment
Approved in February 1869 and ratified in 1870 to prohibit the federal and state governments from denying any citizen the right to vote because of race.
Birthright Citizenship
Unique US right granted by 15th amendment which gave all but Native Americans citizenship, solidifying African-American status.
Burlingame Treaty
Negotiated by antislavery congressmen Anson Burlingame to reaffirm China’s naional Soverignty and provide protection for religious freedom and against discrimination for citizens in each country
Wyoming
Diminutive legislature extended the right to vote to women in 1869 and entered the Union in 1890, becoming the second state (after NJ) to allow women to vote.
National Woman Suffrage Association
Led by Susan B. Anthony and Stanton who denounced former female activist allies after taking the stance that native-born white women deserved the vote more than non-whites and immigrants.
American Woman Suffrage Association
Led by Lucy Stone who believed at Reconstruction measures were positive for universal suffrage.
*2 Organizations split in 1869 and would not reunite until 1890
Union League
An organization linked to the Republican Party joined by newly freed African-Americans that worked to educate Southern blacks about civil life, built black schools and churches, and represented African American interests before government and employers.
Hiram Revels/Blanche Bruce
The first two black senators elected in 1870 and 1875.
Robert Smalls
Originated as a slave, famous for delivering the confederate vessel the Planter to Union army and later became a powerful political leader in SC and elected to 5 terms of Congress.
Carpetbaggers
Northerners who moved to the South after the war either to benefit in Southern offices, invest in land and railroads, or because they were former union soldiers.
Scalawags
White republicans born in the South who were considered traitors by former Confederates, many hoped to that reconstruction governments would aid them in recovering from debt.
Whiskey Ring/Tweed Ring
Rapid growth of southern states budgets and benefits from public aid led to a scramble for influence and therefore bribery, insider dealing, and a get-rich-quick atmosphere. In the North this was worse, causing the formation of these groups, who stole millions of dollars.
“Reign of Terror”
The period of time after 1867 when hate crimes became more organized and politically motivated with the aim of preventing blacks from voting and destroying Republican organizations through assassination of local and public officials.
Ku Klux Klan
-A terrorist organization led by planters, merchants and Democratic politicans who preyed on white Republicans but mainly African-Americans, especially those who defied white supremacy norms.
-Women participated through the sewing of robes and hoods worn by Klansmen
Colfax Massacre
One of the bloodiest acts of violence during Reconstruction in 1873 Louisiana when many former slaves and black militia members were murdered by armed whites with a small cannon.
Enforcement Acts
-Adopted by Congress in 1870 and 1871 to outlaw terrorist societies and allow the president to use the army against them, expanding national authority and defining crimes that aimed to deprive citizens of their rights as federal offenses.
-Led to the end of the Klan as many members fled the South
Liberal Republicans
Those alienated by Grant administration corruption who believed the growth of federal power needed to be stopped, nominated Horace Greenley for president. Brought new policy toward south to attention.
Civil Rights Act of 1875
Outlawed racial discrimation in places of public accommodation like hotels and theaters- established despite northern retreat from reconstruction.
Slaughterhouse Cases (1873)
-White butchers excluded from a state-sponsored monopoly in Louisiana claiming their 14th Amendment right was violated- rejected by justices ruling federalism was not altered.
-Declared that most rights were still under state control
United States v. Cruikshank (1876)
When the Court gutted the Enforcement Acts by throwing out the convictions of some of those responsible for the Colfax Massacre. 14th amendment inapplicable for Colfax Massacre
Redeemers (Redemption)
-Democrats who claimed to have “redeemed” the white SOuth from corruption, misgovernment, and northern and black control.
-Violence took place in broad daylight- including the destroying of ballot boxes and driving former states from the polls- able to do this because of Grant administration withdrawal.
Election of 1877
Rutherford B. Hayes vs. Samuel J. Tilden results very close but need the votes from SC, FL, and LO to declare winner.
Bargain of 1877
Congress approved a 15 member Electoral Commission with a 8-7 Republican majority to elect Hayes as president.
