unit 3

Question 1

The French and Indian War

Answer 1

1754-1763
Cause: British colonies began to encroach on the ohio River Valley (French territory). Then the two sides began to have many dispute over the land.
Effect:-British Victory
-Limitations were placed on colonies of where they could not expand Wes in the Proclimation Line of 1763 which caused even more tensions between Parlement and the colonies
-War = very expensive, so to fix their economy, Parlement increased taxes in the Colonies which created more tension.
-With there being a british victory and many soldiers who founght were fro the colonies this caused those those living in the British colonies to feel like they were strong and could kinda take care of themselves

Question 2

The Albany Plan of Union

Answer 2

1754
Cause: Wanted to unite the colonies for defense purposes in the French and Indian War
Effect: Emphaisezed the importance of uniting the colonies when a together when needed. Furthermore, this proposed plan created the foundation for the emergencies of the Constitutional congress

Question 3

Treaty of Paris

Answer 3

1763
Cause: Diplomats’ desires to end the seven year long war as well as the various drafts which the French Military experanced by the end of the war
Effect: Ended the Seven Years war, Spain Ceden Florida to the British, The French wer booted from North America, Spain given control of land west of the Missisipi River (that was onces the French land), land East of the Missisipi was given to the British

Question 4

Pontic Rebellion

Answer 4

1763-1766
Cause: -British colonist began to expand their military presents in the Greatlakes following their victory
- Although the French who once lived on Native land before the seven years war were good about trading and keeping peces with Native Tribes, the Birtish once they got the French’s land were hostil to the Natives not letting them have trading access to weapons for hunting and encroching on their land
Natives also wanted to weaken the British and gain back land and take Fort Detroit
Effect:-Lead to the Proclimation of 1763. This Treaty and the restrictions placed on colonist about where they could expand and where was off limits lead to colonist building resentment towards Great Britain
-Indiginous autonomy was ultiemntly recongnized by the british

Question 5

Proclimation Line of 1763

Answer 5

1763
Cause: Thouse living in British Colonies wanted to further expand Westward however their attempts and desires to do so only increased tensions with the Natives living in those areas. To lesson these tensions this Proclamation was established by the British Parlement.
Effect: British colonists where now unable to move West of the Application Mountains. People in the colonies were fusious because that they should be able to further expand westward. More tensions grew between the British and the British colonies as the people in the colonies began to ignore the Proclamation Line and continued to expand Westward. Also by limiting the colonie of where they could go ultimately lead to the colonies resenting Parliament even more.

Question 6

Sugar Act

Answer 6

1764
Cause: Parliament needed more money to pay for the war and better the British economy. Furthermore, Great Britain wanted to enforce greater laws to prevent the smuggling of imported goods as well as do a better job at enforcing the Navigation Acts.
Effect:The high taxes placed on various of trading iteams such as coffee and wine lead to more tension between parliament and the British colonies in the New world

Question 7

Revenue Act

Answer 7

1764
Cause: Great Britan wanted to raise their revenue and better their economy.
Effect: This further fostered the colonist hatred for Great Britain as well as worsen the state of the colonist’s economy.

Question 8

Currency Act

Answer 8

1764
Cause: Great Britain wanted to stabilize the colony’s economy as well as assert their power in the colonies and their finances. Also Great Britain was in need of money to pay for the seven-year long war.
Effect: British colonies were enraged about this act for while Parliament wanted them to pay more taxes, the supply of money in the colonies was also being limited, which greatly harmed the livelihood of the colonies and their finances.

Question 9

The Stamp Act

Answer 9

1765-1766
Cause: Britain needed to tax the colonies to pay for the debt following the French and Indian War and they also wanted to make the colonies more economically dependent on Great Britain.
Effect: This Act lead to many protest in the form of riots to take place / Ex. Bostonians in violent crowds raided the govern of Massechuts house Thomas Hutchison

Question 10

Stamp Act Congress

Answer 10

1765
Cause: As a result of the passing of the Stamp Act, and the colonists’ rejection of British Parliament’s idea of virtual representation.
Effect: Drafted a petition to Parliament and called for a boycott of British goods.

Question 11

Declaratory Act

Answer 11

1766
Cause:Passed to ensure that Great Britain had the complete right and ability to tax the colonies and well as affirming Parliaments power.
Effect: Colonist felt that this act greatly infringed on their independence, for it allowed Great Britain to tax them and make binding laws without the colonies having representation in Parliament. Also the act gave Parliament the ability to reject laws made in the colonies

Question 12

TownShed Act

Answer 12

1767,1768
Cause: Would help pay governors or judges to ensure their loyalty to Great Britain. Therefore, Great Britain wanted to gain greater political control over the colonies.
Effect: This lead to the colonist limiting purchases on imported goods from Great Britain in revolt

Question 13

Boston Massacre

Answer 13

1770
Cause: Occurred as a result of the colonies anger over the TownShed Act as well as the colonists’ frustration with their lack of representation in Parliament despite still being taxed
Effect: As a result of this event majority of the Townshed acts were repealed and this fight was used to further promote colonist cause which was to end their mistreatment at the hands of Great Britain

Question 14

Tea Act

Answer 14

1773
Cause: Passed to help better the failing British East Indie Tea Company / Also thought this would further affirm GB power in the colonies
Effect: Outraged the British Colonies led to many protest against the immense tax on Tea / Ex. this lead the the Boston Tea Party.

Question 15

Boston Tea Party

Answer 15

1773
Cause: Coloniest frustration and anger over the Tea Act.
Effect: Led to the passing of the Intorable Acts however, this brave act of protest unified the colonist and fuild their fight for independence

Question 16

Intorable Acts

Answer 16

1774
Cause: In responds to the boston Tea Party. Also this act was passed to ensure that Great Britain would have tighter control over the colonies (aimed to punish Boston for their revolts)
Effect: The intolerable acts brought together the colonies and ultimently led to the First Continental Congress.

Question 17

Quebec Act

Answer 17

1774
Cause: Passed so Great Britian would gain the loyalty of and secure an alliance with quebec catholics Canadians
Effect: Seen as a threat to their independence (for GB was gaining more influence in the region) and an infringement on the colonies rights. So it led to more tensions between the colonies and Great Britain.

Question 18

First Continental Congress

Answer 18

1774
Cause: Unified colonial response to the Intolerable Acts
Effect: Called for a boycott of British goods and urged the colonies to organize militaries for defense purposes

Question 19

Continental Asscoiation

Answer 19

1774
Cause: One of the results of the First Continental Congress
Effect: Halted all trade with Britain and the West Indies and set up committees to enforce this.

Question 20

Battles of Lexington and Concord

Answer 20

1775
Cause: By deepening tensions between Britain and colonies, and the call for freedom amongst colonists as a result of the acts.
Effect: Officially started the American Revolution.

Question 21

Battle of Bunker Hill

Answer 21

1775
Cause: British dislodged colonists from Breed’s Hill
Effect: This resulted in a battle with many casualties

Question 22

Second Continental Congress

Answer 22

1776
Cause: As a result of the bloody battles of Concord and Lexington between colonial militia and British soldiers
Effect: Created the Continental Army and named George Washington General.

Question 23

Lord Dunmore’s Proclamation

Answer 23

1775
Cause: In order to aid in British success in the war.
Effect: This resulted in enslaved people fighting for Britain in hope of gaining freedom.

Question 24

Common Sense

Answer 24

1776
Cause: Written and published for the purpose of persuading the colonists to declare independence from Britain.
Effect: Influenced many colonists to agree with Paine and quickly rose to immense popularity.

Question 25

Declaration of Independence

Answer 25

1776
Cause: Caused by the Revolution and the colonies’ desire for freedom and self-governance.
Effect: He officially declared America an independent nation and reaffirmed people’s basic human rights. He forever altered the definition of American freedom and redefined liberty.

Question 26

The Battle of Saratoga

Answer 26

1777
Cause: Burgoyne had intentions of meeting up with Howe in order to isolate New England; not knowing this, Howe moved his forces to NYC in hopes of attacking Philadelphia.
Effect: Due to Howe’s unintentional abandonment, Burgoyne was forced to surrender to the battle of Saratoga, giving America an incredible morale boost.

Question 27

Treaty of Amity and Commerce

Answer 27

1778
Cause: The success in the Battle of Saratoga led to France regaining an interest in aiding the United States.
Effect: Franklin and the French concluded a treaty in which France would recognize America as a legitimate nation and provide them with military assistance.

Question 28

Benedict Arnold

Answer 28

1780
Cause: The British were on a winning streak, which caused a rise in loyalists and a drop in confidence in the Americans’ success.
Effect: One of Washington’s best generals betrayed the US and almost succeeded in turning the first at West Point over to the British.

Question 29

Battle of Yorktown

Answer 29

1781
Cause: Suffering major losses from North Carolina, General Greene Cornwallis was forced to move into Virginia and camp on the peninsula of Yorktown, where Washington saw the perfect opportunity to surround him with the aid of the French.
Effect: Cornwallis was forced to surrender his army of 8,000 men, and the war virtually ended, as many believed that the colonies were no longer worth the hassle.

Question 30

Treaty of Paris

Answer 30

1783
Cause: American success at the Battle of Yorktown virtually declared the end of the revolution, as the British came to the conclusion that there were more prosperous endeavors and abandoned the war immediately. The two parties soon met to discuss the terms for the future.
Effect: The American delegation succeeded immensely in getting America’s independence and sovereignty recognized, gaining control over land spanning from Canada to Florida east of the Mississippi River and the right to fish in Atlantic waters. They seceded the right to persecute loyalists and continue their punishments which included withholding their land.

Question 31

Land ordinance of 1785

Answer 31

1785
Cause: Following the Revolutionary war the colonies desired to expand westward. These desire to travel west was mostly due to the need to build their economy up after the effects of the war. Furthermore, congress wanted to stop and prevent disputs over land.
Effect: Created a effecient way of distributing land as well as encouraged people to move westward.

Question 32

Shays Rebellion

Answer 32

1786
Cause: Farmers were enraged about the amount of debt they fell into after returning from the war and how difficult inflation and new taxes made it for them to pay off that debt.
Effect: As a result of there being no president in place and no federal military under the Articles of confederation, this made it difficult for the Massachuetts Militia to get help and stop the uprising efficiently. Ultimately this event, exposed how little power the Federal government had Under the Articles of confederation an how a change should be made to that form of governing.

Question 33

Northwest Ordinance 1787

Answer 33

1787
Cause: The U.S was in need of establishing a system to govern newly acquired territory in the Northwest as well as aimed to encourage more people to move westward into these areas to expand americas influences and power.
Effect: With the Northwest Ordinance, a system of admitting new states into the new nation was put into place. Also since this Act did not allow for slavery to take place in this the new territory ultimately, it helped limit the spread of slavery.

Question 34

Constitutional Convention

Answer 34

1787
Cause: This convention was formed after it the various flaws in the Articles of Confederation became very prominent as a results of Shays rebelion and other issues or conflits.
Effect: Although the convention was originally aimed to only revise the Articles, a new constitution was formed.

Question 35

Virginia Plan

Answer 35

1787
Cause: Plan was made to find a solution to how the people would be represented in the new constitution.
Effect: Due to this plan suggesting that states representation should be determined by population this plan if passed would have given bigger states an unfair advantage.

Question 36

Connecticut compromise

Answer 36

1787
Cause: Need for a compromise that incompused the wants of those supporting the Virginia Plan and those in support of the New Jersey Plan.
Effect: Created a equal solution which filled the demands of both sides with state’s representation in the House of Representative being determined by population and the votes in the Senate being equal for all states. However, with these branches being created this caused states to question how they would count a states population.

Question 36

New Jersey Plan

Answer 36

1787
Cause: Was also established to figure out how people would be represented in this new form of government under the new constitution.
Effect: Since the New Jersey plan called for each state to have a equal number of representatives if passed smaller states would have the advantage.

Question 37

Three-Fifths Compromise

Answer 37

1787
Cause: When determining that states population would be taken into account in the states’ representatives in the house of representatives, the question about how states’ population would be determined and if the number of enslaved people would be taken into account arose.
Effect: With the ⅗ Compromise being put into place, ⅗ of the enslaved population would be added to a states population. This ultimately gave more incentives for states to grow their enslaved population further leading to the growth of the horrible institution.

Question 38

The Ratification of the Constitution

Answer 38

1788
Cause: It was determined at the Constitutional Convention that America was in need of a new constitution. Furthermore, when the Constitution was drafted, many individuals like Alexander Hamlton, James Madsion, and John Jay (whom published the Federalist papers) were determined to get society on board with the ratification of the constitution. Their efforts helped the ratification fo the new constitution to occur.
Effect: With the new Constitution replacing the Articles of Confederation, the Constitution fixed the conflicts which the Articles brought to the new nation which set a frame work for America moving forward. Furthermore, with the ratification process sparking discussion over how power would be equally balanced between the state and the federal government, this process helped enspire the formation of the Bill of Rights.

Question 39

The Proclamation of 1763

Answer 39

1763
Cause: President George Washington declared the United States to be neutral in the war involving France and Great Britain in the Proclamation of Neutrality of 1793. The intention to shield American commercial interests and stay out of European disputes served as the driving force behind it.
Effect: The United States declared its neutrality in European conflicts as a consequence of the Proclamation of 1793, which contributed to the preservation of peace and stability throughout the early years of the republic. It also established a standard for the foreign policy strategy of the United States government, emphasizing non-interventionism and diplomatic resolution of international conflicts.

Question 40

Whiskey Rebellion

Answer 40

1794
Cause: Resentment among American western farmers over the federal excise duty on whiskey, which they saw as unjust and challenging, served as the main catalyst for the Whiskey Rebellion of 1794, which resulted in demonstrations and disobedience of the government’s taxing power.
Effect: The federal government’s determination to uphold its power and implement its laws was evident in the suppression of the Whiskey Rebellion, which set a precedent that objections to federal taxes would not be accepted. It also reaffirmed the supremacy of federal law over state and local interests and strengthened the authority of the federal government.

Question 41

Naturalization Act

Answer 41

1790
Cause: The early American government sought to define citizenship requirements, which led to the creation of the Naturalization Act of 1790. This act granted naturalization privileges only to free White individuals, excluding Native Americans, indentured servants, and slaves. The goal of this law, which reflected the dominant ideas of racial and socioeconomic hierarchy common in the late 18th century, was to determine who might become a citizen in the newly established United States.
Effect: The procedures for naturalization, or the process by which an immigrant becomes a citizen, were set into by the Naturalization Act of 1790, an act of the federal government of the United States. The act declared that the only individuals eligible for a citizenship application were “free white persons” with outstanding moral qualities who had lived in the country for a minimum of two years. It was passed by the first United States Congress and signed by President Washington in March 1790.

Question 42

Ratification of the Bill of Rights

Answer 42

1791
Cause: Concerns voiced during the U.S. Constitution ratification discussions led to the desire for individual liberty and protections against government overreach, which ultimately resulted in the passage of the Bill of Rights in 1791. Anti-federalists, who were afraid that the recently established federal government may misuse its authority, were the main voices voicing these worries.
Effect: The passage of the Bill of Rights provided essential rights and freedoms for American people, including free speech, religion, and the right to carry weapons, and served as a foundation for American democracy. It also served to ease some of the anxieties and doubts held by anti-federalists, promoting more unity and support for the newly constituted federal government.

Question 43

Prohibition of the Slave Trade by Congress

Answer 43

1808
Cause: The prohibition of the slave trade was largely motivated by rising moral and political resistance to the institution of slavery, as well as worries about the transatlantic slave trade’s influence on the country’s political and economic stability.
Effect: The outlawing of the slave trade by Congress resulted in a considerable decrease in the immigration of enslaved persons into the United States, which aided the expansion of the domestic slave trade and solidified the institution of slavery within the country. It also inflamed tensions between Northern and Southern states over slavery, deepening the sectional split that would eventually lead to the American Civil War.

Question 44

Inauguration of George Washington

Answer 44

1789
Cause: George Washington was inaugurated in 1789 after being unanimously elected as the first President of the US by the electoral college following his leadership throughout the American Revolutionary War and the signing of the Consitution. It signified the birth of a new federal government under the Consitution and the start of Washington’s presidency which attempted to unify the newly created nation and solidify its founding values.
Effect: Washington’s inauguration established traditions for subsequent presidential inaugurations and symbolized the peaceful transition of power from one government to another, therefore confirming the new American republic’s stability and legitimacy.

Question 45

Establishment of the First Bank of the United States

Answer 45

1791
Cause: The foundation of the First Bank of the United States in 1791 was largely motivated by Alexander Hamilton’s goal to balance the nation’s finances, create a national currency, and encourage economic growth through central banking. It was a reaction to the new nation’s issues, which included debt from the Revolutionary War and the need for a stable financial system to allow trade and government operations.
Effect: The First Bank of the United States played a vital part in establishing the country’s credibility, maintaining a stable currency, and stimulating economic development through its power to make loans and control the quantity of currency. However, its formation provoked heated political controversy, resulting in conflicts about the amount of federal power, state rights, and the legitimate role of government in economic concerns.

Question 46

The Rights of Man

Answer 46

1791
Cause: Thomas Paine’s “The Rights of Man” was published in response to French royal oppression and argued for democratic principles while opposing monarchy and aristocracy. Paine’s writings had a key role in advancing revolutionary ideals and challenging the dominant political and social systems of the era.
Effect: “The Rights of Man” sparked democratic revolutions in Europe and America, encouraging movements for liberty, equality, and democracy. It had a lasting impact on succeeding revolutions and served as a cornerstone work for the global development of liberal political thinking.

Question 47

Jay’s Treaty

Answer 47

1794
Cause: Jay’s Treaty was motivated by tensions between the United States and Britain during the American Revolution, and it sought to settle concerns such as British control of frontier forts, interference with American trade, and the impressment of American sailors. It was arranged by John Jay to prevent a conflict and maintain ties between the two countries.
Effect: While some in the United States denounced Jay’s Treaty for perceived concessions to Britain, it effectively avoided war and briefly calmed ties between the two countries, paving the way for future diplomatic engagements. However, it exacerbated political tensions in the United States, notably between Federalists who backed the treaty and Democratic-Republicans who opposed it, affecting the fledgling party system and determining American foreign policy debates for years to come.

Question 48

Inauguration of John Adams

Answer 48

1797
Cause: The inauguration of John Adams in 1797 was prompted by the political atmosphere of the period, which included severe competition between the Federalists and the Democratic-Republicans, as well as rising tensions with France, which culminated to Adams’ election as the second President of the United States.
Effect: Adams’ inauguration signified the peaceful transfer of power from one political party to another, paving the way for future power changes in the United States. Furthermore, his administration was marked by serious foreign policy issues, like as the Quasi-War with France and the passage of the contentious Alien and Sedition Acts.

Question 49

XYZ Affairs

Answer 49

1798
Cause: The XYZ Affair of 1798 was prompted by rising tensions between the United States and France, notably after the French seized American ships dealing with Britain and demanded payments from American officials. This sparked a diplomatic crisis and inflamed anti-French sentiment in the United States, culminating in the Quasi-War, an undeclared naval confrontation between the two countries.
Effect: The XYZ Affair resulted in enhanced military preparation in the United States, notably the growth of the navy, as well as the enactment of the Alien and Sedition Acts, which sought to repress dissent and limit the influence of immigrants. It also represented a watershed moment in American foreign policy, as the country moved toward a more pro-British posture and increased the federal government’s authority under President John Adams.

Question 50

Sedition Acts

Answer 50

1798
Cause: The Sedition Acts were a response by a Federalist-controlled Congress to perceived dangers presented by immigrants and political opponents, with the goal of suppressing dissent and criticism of the government at a period of high international tension.
Effect: The Sedition Acts sparked significant criticism among Democratic-Republicans, who considered them as unlawful infringements on free speech and the press, leading to Thomas Jefferson’s election win in 1800 and the Acts’ subsequent expiry or repeal. The Acts also functioned as a cautionary tale in American history, emphasizing the risks of government excess and the significance of maintaining civil rights.

Question 51

Gabriel’s Rebellion

Answer 51

1800
Cause: This rebellion was fueled by the oppressive conditions of slavery in Virginia, which were exacerbated by the ideals of liberty and equality preached during the American Revolutionary War, as well as the influence of events such as the Haitian Revolution, which inspired enslaved individuals to fight for freedom through rebellion.
Effect: Gabriel’s Rebellion created anxiety in slaveholders, resulting in tighter restrictions on enslaved people and free blacks in the South, as well as stricter enforcement of laws to retain control over slave populations. Furthermore, the revolt helped to strengthen racial segregation and repress abolitionist ideas in the United States, so reinforcing the system of slavery in the South.

Question 52

Barbary War

Answer 52

1801-1805
Cause: The Barbary states were demanding increased payments from the US for safe passage of American ships in the Mediterraean, which the US refused to oay.
Effect: Although ultimately ending in safe American passage these first conflicts with the Islamic world would forever ingrain a sterotyoical image of Musilms in the minds of Americans.

Question 53

Louisiana Purchase

Answer 53

Cause: Due to Jefferson’s hunger for expansion and Napoleon’s need for funds to finance his military campaign, led him to sell the vast Louisiana territory to the U.S.
Effect: Jefferson had effectively doubled the size of the US while also ending French rule in the US, which opened up major oppurtunities for westward expansion.

Question 54

Lewis and Clark Expedition

Answer 54

1804-1806
Cause: President Jefferson hired Lewis and Clarke to explore the newly acquired Louisiana territory and see how the land could be used for economic gain as well as find a route to the Pacific Ocean.
Effect: Their exploration helped reinforce the idea that America ws destined to expand from coast to coast and as well as provide information about the geography, wildlife, and Native American tribes of the region.

Question 55

Inauguration of James Madison

Answer 55

1809
Cause: Madison won an easy victory as the explicitly picked the successor of Thomas Jefferson.
Effect: Madison’s policies and presidency eventually led to the War of 1812 as he repately issued things that caused rising tensions with Britain.

Question 56

War of 1812

Answer 56

1812-1814
Cause: Some causes of the war include the British impressment of American sailors, British support for Native American tribes resisting American expansion, and British interference with American trade and shipping.
Effect: The war reaffirmed America’s nationalism and patriotism while also solidifying America’s independence and sovereignty. It also ended tensions with Britain and the Native Americans with the Treaty of Ghent.

Question 57

Treaty of Ghent

Answer 57

1814
Cause: The treaty was negotiated as an end to the War of 1812.
Effect: The treaty ended the war and restored pre-war borders between the US and Canada. It also marked the beginning of less conflict between the US and Britain.

Question 58

Hartford Convention

Answer 58

1814
Cause: The War of 1812 left many Federalists discontented so they met to discuss their grievances and solutions.
Effect: As the war ended shorty after the conference it completely discredited the Federalist party contributing to its decline which led to the dominance if the Democratic-Republicnas in American politics.