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BIO 102-General Biology 2 EC > Unit One- Musculoskeletal Systems; Muscles and Bones You Need to Know > Flashcards

Unit One- Musculoskeletal Systems; Muscles and Bones You Need to Know Flashcards

1
Q

Muscle

A

bundled contractile cells arranged in a parallel fashion

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2
Q

Skeleton

A

support structure required for movement

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3
Q

3 types of skeleton:

A

-hydrostatic skeleton
-exoskeleton
-endoskeleton

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4
Q

Sea anemone has a ___ skeleton

A

hydrostatic

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5
Q

Insects have a ___ made of hardened chitin

A

exoskeleton

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6
Q

Endoskeleton

A

-made of cartilage and/or bone
-internal framework that receives the force of muscles to support and move the body
-found in vertebrates (amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals)

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7
Q

Echinoderms

A

have endoskeleton located within their dermis consisting of ossicles

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8
Q

What do all vertebrates have?

A

an endoskeleton

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9
Q

Fins or limbs attach to ____ and ______ ______

A

pectoral and pelvic girdles

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10
Q

5 Shapes/Types of Bones

A

-Long
-Short
-Flat
-Irregular
-Sesamoid

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11
Q

How many bones are in the human body?

A

206

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12
Q

axial skelleton

A

bones of the skull, vertebral column, ribs, sternum, and hyoid

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13
Q

appendicular skeleton

A

bones of the pectoral girdle, arms, hands, bones of the pelvic girdle, legs, feet

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14
Q

Functions of Bone

A

-Movement
-Support
-Protection
-Mineral storage
-Blood cell formation

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15
Q

Functions of Bone: Movement

A

Bones interact with skeletal muscle and change or maintain the position of the body and its parts

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16
Q

Functions of Bone: Support

A

Bones support and anchor muscles

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17
Q

Functions of Bone: Protection

A

Many bones are organized as hard compartments that enclose and protect soft internal organs

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18
Q

Functions of Bone: Mineral Storage

A

Bones are a reservoir for calcium and phosphorus ions. Deposits and withdrawals of these minerals help maintain essential ion concentrations in body fluids

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19
Q

Functions of Bone: Blood Cell Formation

A

Only certain bones contain regions where blood cells form

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20
Q

Components of Long Bone Structure

A

-compact bone
-spongy bone
-bone marrow

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21
Q

Compact Bone Structure

A

consists of many cylindrical Haversian systems

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22
Q

Osteon

A

the functional unit of the skeletal system

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23
Q

Types of Bone Marrow

A

-Yellow marrow
-Red marrow

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24
Q

Yellow marrow

A

-cavities of adult long bones
-is largely fat

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25
Red marrow
-occurs in spongy bone of some bones -produces blood cells
26
In adults, bone building and bone breakdown occurs ______
constantly
27
osteoblasts
bone forming cell
28
osteocyte
mature bone cell
29
osteoclasts
secrete enzymes that degrade bone
30
Remodeling
adjusts bone strength and helps maintain blood calcium levels
31
When ____ activity outpaces ______ activity, then bone loss occurs
-osteoclast -osteoblast
32
bone density
the measure of mineral composition of bone
33
Exercise can ___ bone density
increase
34
osteoporosis
-can decrease bone density -may occur when the action of osteoclasts outpaces that of osteoblasts -may also occur as result of inability to absorb calcium or a diet poor in calcium
35
joints
areas of near contact between bones
36
3 types of Joints
-Fibrous joints -Synovial joints -cartilaginous joints
37
Fibrous joints
connected by short fibers (soft spot of skull)
38
Synovial joints
-have ligaments that connect bones -may have a bursae filled with fluid to lubricate the joint
39
Knee* and elbow* (hinge joint) have ___
flexion ** type of synovial joint
40
*hip and *shoulder (ball and socket joints) have ____ _____
rotational movement **type of synovial joint
41
Cartilaginous joints
cartilage allows slight movement (ribs, vertebrae)
42
connective tissues in joint
-tendon -ligament
43
tendon
connects muscle to bone
44
ligament
connects bone to bone
45
types of joint injuries:
-strain -sprain -dislocation
46
strain
-tearing of a muscle or tendon -normally results in swelling with bruising
47
sprain
-tearing of ligaments -normally only swelling with no bruising
48
Why don't sprains result in brusing?
ligaments are largely avascular (no blood vessels)
49
dislocation
separation of a joint
50
Arthritis
degenerative disorder with joint inflammation
51
Osteoarthritis
cartilage ends of the bone wears off due to overuse/genetics
52
rheumatoid arthritis
synovial membranes inflame and thicken -cartilage wears and bones deposits in spaces limiting motion and causing bones to become "fixed" in position -autoimmune response in which body attacks itself -may be genetic, bacterial or viral -*also affected by smoking
53
What is muscle?
tissue consisting of fibers arranged in a parallel fashion that can contract to cause directional movement of the body
54
3 types of muscle
-skeletal -cardiac -smooth
55
How many skeletal muscles in the body?
600
56
Creatine
as a supplement has been effective in pumping up muscles in controlled studies, may have applications for muscular dystrophy and other muscular disorders; too much strains the kidneys
57
a muscle is made up of ___ cells
muscle
58
one single muscle cell=
muscle fiber
59
each bundle of muscle fibers contains many ___
myofibril
60
sacromere
the functional unit of the muscular system
61
where is the sacromere found?
within the myofibril
62
Neuromuscular Junction
where a motor neuron synapses with a muscle cell
63
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
membrane chamber that takes up, stores, and releases calcium
64
What causes active movement?
a nerve impulse causes calcium to flow out of the sarcoplasmic reticulum to initiate muscular contraction
65
Relaxation of a muscle causes _____ movement
passive
66
microfilaments of the sarcomere
-actin/thin filaments -myosin/thick filaments
67
actin/thin filaments
like two strands of beads twisted together
68
myosin/thick filaments
each myosin molecule has a tail and a double head
69
sliding-filament theory/model *** also called the Ratchet Theory
actin fibers move over the myosin fibers to cause a contraction
70
myosin heads attach to ___ filaments
actin
71
myosin heads tilt toward center, pulling actin ____
inward
72
even though actin fibers ____, the myosin does the work
slide
73
only the ____ shortens during a contraction
sacromere
74
_____ fibers move back
relaxation
75
Two Types of Contractions
-Isotonic contraction -Isometric contraction
76
Isotonic contraction
-movement -contracted muscle shortens
77
isometric contraction
-force, no movement -contracted muscle doesn't shorten
78
Origin
where the muscle attaches to the fixed bone of a joint
79
insertion
where the muscle attaches to the free-moving bone of a joint
80
belly
thick portion of a muscle
81
motor unit
motor neuron and attached muscle cells
82
tension
mechanical force a contracting muscle exerts on a bone-may or may not result in movement (isotonic vs isometric)
83
twitch
single brief stimulus to a motor unit
84
cramp
involuntary contraction that resists release
85
tetanus
continued stimulations of a muscle due to a pathogen
86
fatigue
declined capacity to generate a force *due to Glycogen depletion
87
Calcium is stored in bones but released to bloodstream for:
-nerve function -muscle contraction -bone and teeth density -maintains blood calcium
88
Vitamin d produced by exposure to UV light:
stimulates absorption of dietary calcium
89
tetanus is called by the bacterium ____ _____
Clostridium tetani
90
Occipitofrontalis (front and back)
muscle that covers the frontal portion of the skull
91
Orbicularis oculi
92
Masseter
93
Aponeurosis
94
Temporalis
95
Occipitalis
96
Sternocleidomastoid
97
Trapezius
98
Deltoid
99
Pectoralis major
100
Pectoralis minor
101
Intercostal muscles
-serratus anterior -external oblique
102
serratus anterior
103
external oblique
104
Biceps brachii
105
Brachioradialis
106
Rectus abdominus
107
Thenar (Hypothenar)
108
Brachioradialus
109
Triceps bracchii
110
Latissimus dorsi
111
Gluteus maximus
112
Gluteus medius
113
Biceps femoris (Hamstrings)
114
Semitendinosus
115
Gastrocnemius
116
Sartorius
117
Gracilis
118
Pectineus
119
The Quads:
-Rectus femoris -Vastus medialis -Vastus lateralis
120
Rectus femoris
121
Vastus medialis
122
Vastus latealis
123
Tibialis anterior
124
Achilles Tendon (Calcaneal)
125
Mandible
126
Maxilla
127
Zygomatic (zygomatic arch)
128
Skull (frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital) and occipital protuberance

BIO 102-General Biology 2 EC (4 decks)

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