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BIO 102-General Biology 2 EC > Unit One- Musculoskeletal Systems; Muscles and Bones You Need to Know > Flashcards

Unit One- Musculoskeletal Systems; Muscles and Bones You Need to Know Flashcards

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1
Q

Muscle

A

bundled contractile cells arranged in a parallel fashion

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2
Q

Skeleton

A

support structure required for movement

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3
Q

3 types of skeleton:

A

-hydrostatic skeleton
-exoskeleton
-endoskeleton

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4
Q

Sea anemone has a ___ skeleton

A

hydrostatic

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5
Q

Insects have a ___ made of hardened chitin

A

exoskeleton

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6
Q

Endoskeleton

A

-made of cartilage and/or bone
-internal framework that receives the force of muscles to support and move the body
-found in vertebrates (amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals)

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7
Q

Echinoderms

A

have endoskeleton located within their dermis consisting of ossicles

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8
Q

What do all vertebrates have?

A

an endoskeleton

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9
Q

Fins or limbs attach to ____ and ______ ______

A

pectoral and pelvic girdles

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10
Q

5 Shapes/Types of Bones

A

-Long
-Short
-Flat
-Irregular
-Sesamoid

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11
Q

How many bones are in the human body?

A

206

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12
Q

axial skelleton

A

bones of the skull, vertebral column, ribs, sternum, and hyoid

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13
Q

appendicular skeleton

A

bones of the pectoral girdle, arms, hands, bones of the pelvic girdle, legs, feet

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14
Q

Functions of Bone

A

-Movement
-Support
-Protection
-Mineral storage
-Blood cell formation

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15
Q

Functions of Bone: Movement

A

Bones interact with skeletal muscle and change or maintain the position of the body and its parts

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16
Q

Functions of Bone: Support

A

Bones support and anchor muscles

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17
Q

Functions of Bone: Protection

A

Many bones are organized as hard compartments that enclose and protect soft internal organs

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18
Q

Functions of Bone: Mineral Storage

A

Bones are a reservoir for calcium and phosphorus ions. Deposits and withdrawals of these minerals help maintain essential ion concentrations in body fluids

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19
Q

Functions of Bone: Blood Cell Formation

A

Only certain bones contain regions where blood cells form

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20
Q

Components of Long Bone Structure

A

-compact bone
-spongy bone
-bone marrow

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21
Q

Compact Bone Structure

A

consists of many cylindrical Haversian systems

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22
Q

Osteon

A

the functional unit of the skeletal system

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23
Q

Types of Bone Marrow

A

-Yellow marrow
-Red marrow

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24
Q

Yellow marrow

A

-cavities of adult long bones
-is largely fat

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25
Q

Red marrow

A

-occurs in spongy bone of some bones
-produces blood cells

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26
Q

In adults, bone building and bone breakdown occurs ______

A

constantly

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27
Q

osteoblasts

A

bone forming cell

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28
Q

osteocyte

A

mature bone cell

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29
Q

osteoclasts

A

secrete enzymes that degrade bone

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30
Q

Remodeling

A

adjusts bone strength and helps maintain blood calcium levels

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31
Q

When ____ activity outpaces ______ activity, then bone loss occurs

A

-osteoclast
-osteoblast

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32
Q

bone density

A

the measure of mineral composition of bone

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33
Q

Exercise can ___ bone density

A

increase

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34
Q

osteoporosis

A

-can decrease bone density
-may occur when the action of osteoclasts outpaces that of osteoblasts
-may also occur as result of inability to absorb calcium or a diet poor in calcium

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35
Q

joints

A

areas of near contact between bones

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36
Q

3 types of Joints

A

-Fibrous joints
-Synovial joints
-cartilaginous joints

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37
Q

Fibrous joints

A

connected by short fibers (soft spot of skull)

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38
Q

Synovial joints

A

-have ligaments that connect bones
-may have a bursae filled with fluid to lubricate the joint

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39
Q

Knee* and elbow* (hinge joint) have ___

A

flexion
** type of synovial joint

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40
Q

*hip and *shoulder (ball and socket joints) have ____ _____

A

rotational movement
**type of synovial joint

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41
Q

Cartilaginous joints

A

cartilage allows slight movement (ribs, vertebrae)

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42
Q

connective tissues in joint

A

-tendon
-ligament

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43
Q

tendon

A

connects muscle to bone

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44
Q

ligament

A

connects bone to bone

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45
Q

types of joint injuries:

A

-strain
-sprain
-dislocation

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46
Q

strain

A

-tearing of a muscle or tendon
-normally results in swelling with bruising

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47
Q

sprain

A

-tearing of ligaments
-normally only swelling with no bruising

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48
Q

Why don’t sprains result in brusing?

A

ligaments are largely avascular (no blood vessels)

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49
Q

dislocation

A

separation of a joint

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50
Q

Arthritis

A

degenerative disorder with joint inflammation

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51
Q

Osteoarthritis

A

cartilage ends of the bone wears off due to overuse/genetics

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52
Q

rheumatoid arthritis

A

synovial membranes inflame and thicken
-cartilage wears and bones deposits in spaces
limiting motion and causing bones to become
“fixed” in position
-autoimmune response in which body attacks itself
-may be genetic, bacterial or viral
-*also affected by smoking

53
Q

What is muscle?

A

tissue consisting of fibers arranged in a parallel fashion that can contract to cause directional movement of the body

54
Q

3 types of muscle

A

-skeletal
-cardiac
-smooth

55
Q

How many skeletal muscles in the body?

A

600

56
Q

Creatine

A

as a supplement has been effective in pumping up muscles in controlled studies, may have applications for muscular dystrophy and other muscular disorders; too much strains the kidneys

57
Q

a muscle is made up of ___ cells

A

muscle

58
Q

one single muscle cell=

A

muscle fiber

59
Q

each bundle of muscle fibers contains many ___

A

myofibril

60
Q

sacromere

A

the functional unit of the muscular system

61
Q

where is the sacromere found?

A

within the myofibril

62
Q

Neuromuscular Junction

A

where a motor neuron synapses with a muscle cell

63
Q

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

A

membrane chamber that takes up, stores, and releases calcium

64
Q

What causes active movement?

A

a nerve impulse causes calcium to flow out of the sarcoplasmic reticulum to initiate muscular contraction

65
Q

Relaxation of a muscle causes _____ movement

A

passive

66
Q

microfilaments of the sarcomere

A

-actin/thin filaments
-myosin/thick filaments

67
Q

actin/thin filaments

A

like two strands of beads twisted together

68
Q

myosin/thick filaments

A

each myosin molecule has a tail and a double head

69
Q

sliding-filament theory/model
*** also called the Ratchet Theory

A

actin fibers move over the myosin fibers to cause a contraction

70
Q

myosin heads attach to ___ filaments

A

actin

71
Q

myosin heads tilt toward center, pulling actin ____

A

inward

72
Q

even though actin fibers ____, the myosin does the work

A

slide

73
Q

only the ____ shortens during a contraction

A

sacromere

74
Q

_____ fibers move back

A

relaxation

75
Q

Two Types of Contractions

A

-Isotonic contraction
-Isometric contraction

76
Q

Isotonic contraction

A

-movement
-contracted muscle shortens

77
Q

isometric contraction

A

-force, no movement
-contracted muscle doesn’t shorten

78
Q

Origin

A

where the muscle attaches to the fixed bone of a joint

79
Q

insertion

A

where the muscle attaches to the free-moving bone of a joint

80
Q

belly

A

thick portion of a muscle

81
Q

motor unit

A

motor neuron and attached muscle cells

82
Q

tension

A

mechanical force a contracting muscle exerts on a bone-may or may not result in movement (isotonic vs isometric)

83
Q

twitch

A

single brief stimulus to a motor unit

84
Q

cramp

A

involuntary contraction that resists release

85
Q

tetanus

A

continued stimulations of a muscle due to a pathogen

86
Q

fatigue

A

declined capacity to generate a force
*due to Glycogen depletion

87
Q

Calcium is stored in bones but released to bloodstream for:

A

-nerve function
-muscle contraction
-bone and teeth density
-maintains blood calcium

88
Q

Vitamin d produced by exposure to UV light:

A

stimulates absorption of dietary calcium

89
Q

tetanus is called by the bacterium ____ _____

A

Clostridium tetani

90
Q

Occipitofrontalis (front and back)

A

muscle that covers the frontal portion of the skull

91
Q

Orbicularis oculi

A
92
Q

Masseter

A
93
Q

Aponeurosis

A
94
Q

Temporalis

A
95
Q

Occipitalis

A
96
Q

Sternocleidomastoid

A
97
Q

Trapezius

A
98
Q

Deltoid

A
99
Q

Pectoralis major

A
100
Q

Pectoralis minor

A
101
Q

Intercostal muscles

A

-serratus anterior
-external oblique

102
Q

serratus anterior

A
103
Q

external oblique

A
104
Q

Biceps brachii

A
105
Q

Brachioradialis

A
106
Q

Rectus abdominus

A
107
Q

Thenar (Hypothenar)

A
108
Q

Brachioradialus

A
109
Q

Triceps bracchii

A
110
Q

Latissimus dorsi

A
111
Q

Gluteus maximus

A
112
Q

Gluteus medius

A
113
Q

Biceps femoris (Hamstrings)

A
114
Q

Semitendinosus

A
115
Q

Gastrocnemius

A
116
Q

Sartorius

A
117
Q

Gracilis

A
118
Q

Pectineus

A
119
Q

The Quads:

A

-Rectus femoris
-Vastus medialis
-Vastus lateralis

120
Q

Rectus femoris

A
121
Q

Vastus medialis

A
122
Q

Vastus latealis

A
123
Q

Tibialis anterior

A
124
Q

Achilles Tendon (Calcaneal)

A
125
Q

Mandible

A
126
Q

Maxilla

A
127
Q

Zygomatic (zygomatic arch)

A
128
Q

Skull (frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital) and occipital protuberance

A

BIO 102-General Biology 2 EC (4 decks)

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