Unit One-Animal Tissues and Organ Systems

Question 1

Animals must be able to:

Answer 1

-maintain homeostasis
-acquire water, nutrients, get rid of wastes
-protect against injury, bacteria, viruses
-reproduce

Question 2

homeostasis

Answer 2

the tendency toward a relatively stable equilibrium between interdependent elements, especially as maintained by physiological processes

Question 3

tissue

Answer 3

a group of cells with a common structure and function

Question 4

What are the 4 types of tissues?

Answer 4

-Epithelial tissue
-Muscle tissue
-Connective tissue
-Nervous tissue

Question 5

Epithelial tissue

Answer 5

lines body surfaces, organs, cavities, ducts, and tubes

Question 6

What is the function of the Basement Membrane?

Answer 6

-organize metabolism
-filter wastes
-new cell development

Question 7

What is the function of the mucous membrane?

Answer 7

-provide surface moisture/secretions
-absorb nutrients
-releases digestive enzymes
(may have cilia and/or microvilli)

Question 8

Types of Tissue Layers

Answer 8

-Simple Epithelium
-Stratified Epithelium

Question 9

Simple Epithelium

Answer 9

one single layer

Question 10

stratified epithelium

Answer 10

two or more layers

Question 11

Cell shapes in the simple epithelium:

Answer 11

-Squamous
-Cuboidal
-Columnar

Question 12

Epithelial

Answer 12

the structure of an epithelium

Question 13

How do cells communicate?

Answer 13

-tight junction
-adhering junction
-gap junction

Question 14

Tight junction

Answer 14

prevent leakage from one tissue to another

Question 15

Adhering junction

Answer 15

cement cells together

Question 16

Gap junction

Answer 16

connect cytoplasm and or channels for communication

Question 17

Special Glandular Epithelium

Answer 17

tissue that secretes products to be used elsewhere in the body

Question 18

Exocrine grands

Answer 18

have ducts or tubes and release their products onto the mucous membrane

Question 19

Endocrine glands

Answer 19

ductless and release their products into “extracellular fluid”

Question 20

Extra-cellular or Interstitial Fluid

Answer 20

fluid that fills spaces between cells and is responsible for the exchange of nutrients, wastes, ect. with blood stream

Question 21

Connective tissue

Answer 21

-the most abundant tissue in the body
-bind and supports the body
-fibers are scattered in a ground substance called a matrix

Question 22

Matrix may have

Answer 22

-collagen
-elastin fibers
-reticular fibers

Question 23

collagen

Answer 23

made of protein and does not tear easily

Question 24

elastin fibers

Answer 24

long and rubbery

Question 25

reticular fibers

Answer 25

thin, branched fibers

Question 26

Types of Soft Connective Tissues

Answer 26

-loose connective -dense irregular connective -dense regular connective

Question 27

Loose Connective

Answer 27

fibers and fibroblasts in a semi-ground substance

Question 28

Dense Irregular Connective

Answer 28

fibroblasts and many fibers with no regular arrangement

Question 29

Dense Regular Connective

Answer 29

many rows of fibers and rows of fibroblasts

Question 30

fibroblasts

Answer 30

cells that secrete protein

Question 31

cartilage

Answer 31

solid, flexible material that resists compression and protects joints

Question 32

bone forms on ____ model

Answer 32

cartilage

Question 33

Bone

Answer 33

mineralized tissue hydroxyapatite

Question 34

oseoblast

Answer 34

bone forming cell

Question 35

osteocyte

Answer 35

bone cell

Question 36

chondrocytes

Answer 36

cells that secrete cartilage

Question 37

site of blood cell production is _____

Answer 37

bone marrow

Question 38

calcium salts and collagen fibers give _____

Answer 38

strength

Question 39

Special Connective Tissue

Answer 39

-Adipose -Blood -Plasma

Question 40

Adipose

Answer 40

fat storage tissue; used for padding, insulation, energy storage

Question 41

blood

Answer 41

the body's transport medium

Question 42

What does blood contain?

Answer 42

-red cells -white cells -platelets dispersed in plasma

Question 43

Plasma

Answer 43

contains water, salts, and proteins in a suspension

Question 44

Muscle tissue

Answer 44

cells arranged in a parallel fashion that contract when stimulated to move the body or specific body parts

Question 45

sacromere

Answer 45

functional unit of a muscle

Question 46

Types of muscle tissue:

Answer 46

-skeletal -cardiac -smooth

Question 47

skeletal muscle

Answer 47

-bundles of cylindrical, long, striated contractile cells; many mitochondria; often reflex-activated but can be consciously controlled -used for locomotion, posture; head, limb movements

Question 48

Where is skeletal muscle located?

Answer 48

partner of skeletal bones (exerts great force against)

Question 49

Cardiac muscle

Answer 49

-unevenly striated, fused-together cylindrical cells that contract as a unit owing to signals at gap junctions between them -pumps blood forcefully through the circulatory system

Question 50

Where is cardiac muscle located?

Answer 50

the heart wall

Question 51

Smooth muscle

Answer 51

-contractile cells tapered at both ends, not striated -controlled constriction; motility (as in gut); arterial blood flow

Question 52

Where is smooth muscle located?

Answer 52

wall of arteries, sphincters, stomach, intestines, urinary bladder, many other soft internal organs

Question 53

Nervous tissue

Answer 53

-detects stimuli, integrates information, and relays commands for response -consists of neurons and neuroglial cells

Question 54

neurons

Answer 54

functional unit that sends impluses

Question 55

neuroglial cells

Answer 55

-protect and support neurons, structurally and metabolically -constitute more than half of the nervous tissues

Question 56

In vertebrate embryos, cells become arranged to form three _______ ________ giving rise to all adult tissues

Answer 56

primary tissues

Question 57

What are the three primary tissues?

Answer 57

-ectoderm -mesoderm -endoderm

Question 58

organs

Answer 58

group of tissues organized to perform a special task

Question 59

Heart

Answer 59

-an organ that pumps blood through the body -consists of muscle tissue, nervous tissue, connective tissue, and epithelial tissue

Question 60

The circulatory system includes:

Answer 60

-heart -arteries -other vessels that transport blood through the body

Question 61

11 Major Organ Systems:

Answer 61

-Integumentary -Muscular -Skeletal -Nervous -Endocrine -Digestive -Lymphatic -Respiratory -Urinary -Circulatory -Reproductive

Question 62

Integumentary System

Answer 62

an animal's outer covering (ex. chitin, vertebrate skin and its derivatives)

Question 63

chitin

Answer 63

hardened cuticle of many invertebrates

Question 64

Functions of the Human Skin

Answer 64

-protects the body from injury, dehydration, UV radiation, and some pathogens -helps control temperature -receives some external stimuli -produces vitamin D (stimulated by UV)

Question 65

Sunlight ____ Skin

Answer 65

damages

Question 66

UV light stimulates ____ production in skin, in other words ___ _ ___

Answer 66

-melanin -produces a tan

Question 67

___ is the body's way or protecting itself against UV

Answer 67

Tan

Question 68

Prolonged sun exposure causes _____ ___ to clump, skin to age prematurely; "shoe-leather skin"

Answer 68

elastin fibers