Unit One-Animal Tissues and Organ Systems Flashcards
Animals must be able to:
-maintain homeostasis
-acquire water, nutrients, get rid of wastes
-protect against injury, bacteria, viruses
-reproduce
homeostasis
the tendency toward a relatively stable equilibrium between interdependent elements, especially as maintained by physiological processes
tissue
a group of cells with a common structure and function
What are the 4 types of tissues?
-Epithelial tissue
-Muscle tissue
-Connective tissue
-Nervous tissue
Epithelial tissue
lines body surfaces, organs, cavities, ducts, and tubes
What is the function of the Basement Membrane?
-organize metabolism
-filter wastes
-new cell development
What is the function of the mucous membrane?
-provide surface moisture/secretions
-absorb nutrients
-releases digestive enzymes
(may have cilia and/or microvilli)
Types of Tissue Layers
-Simple Epithelium
-Stratified Epithelium
Simple Epithelium
one single layer
stratified epithelium
two or more layers
Cell shapes in the simple epithelium:
-Squamous
-Cuboidal
-Columnar
Epithelial
the structure of an epithelium
How do cells communicate?
-tight junction
-adhering junction
-gap junction
Tight junction
prevent leakage from one tissue to another
Adhering junction
cement cells together
Gap junction
connect cytoplasm and or channels for communication
Special Glandular Epithelium
tissue that secretes products to be used elsewhere in the body
Exocrine grands
have ducts or tubes and release their products onto the mucous membrane
Endocrine glands
ductless and release their products into “extracellular fluid”
Extra-cellular or Interstitial Fluid
fluid that fills spaces between cells and is responsible for the exchange of nutrients, wastes, ect. with blood stream
Connective tissue
-the most abundant tissue in the body
-bind and supports the body
-fibers are scattered in a ground substance called a matrix
Matrix may have
-collagen
-elastin fibers
-reticular fibers
collagen
made of protein and does not tear easily
elastin fibers
long and rubbery
reticular fibers
thin, branched fibers
Types of Soft Connective Tissues
-loose connective
-dense irregular connective
-dense regular connective
Loose Connective
fibers and fibroblasts in a semi-ground substance
Dense Irregular Connective
fibroblasts and many fibers with no regular arrangement
Dense Regular Connective
many rows of fibers and rows of fibroblasts
fibroblasts
cells that secrete protein
cartilage
solid, flexible material that resists compression and protects joints
bone forms on ____ model
cartilage
Bone
mineralized tissue
hydroxyapatite
oseoblast
bone forming cell
osteocyte
bone cell
chondrocytes
cells that secrete cartilage
site of blood cell production is _____
bone marrow
calcium salts and collagen fibers give _____
strength
Special Connective Tissue
-Adipose
-Blood
-Plasma
Adipose
fat storage tissue; used for padding, insulation, energy storage
blood
the body’s transport medium
What does blood contain?
-red cells
-white cells
-platelets dispersed in plasma
Plasma
contains water, salts, and proteins in a suspension
Muscle tissue
cells arranged in a parallel fashion that contract when stimulated to move the body or specific body parts
sacromere
functional unit of a muscle
Types of muscle tissue:
-skeletal
-cardiac
-smooth
skeletal muscle
-bundles of cylindrical, long, striated contractile cells; many mitochondria; often reflex-activated but can be consciously controlled
-used for locomotion, posture; head, limb movements
Where is skeletal muscle located?
partner of skeletal bones (exerts great force against)
Cardiac muscle
-unevenly striated, fused-together cylindrical cells that contract as a unit owing to signals at gap junctions between them
-pumps blood forcefully through the circulatory system
Where is cardiac muscle located?
the heart wall
Smooth muscle
-contractile cells tapered at both ends, not striated
-controlled constriction; motility (as in gut); arterial blood flow
Where is smooth muscle located?
wall of arteries, sphincters, stomach, intestines, urinary bladder, many other soft internal organs
Nervous tissue
-detects stimuli, integrates information, and relays commands for response
-consists of neurons and neuroglial cells
neurons
functional unit that sends impluses
neuroglial cells
-protect and support neurons, structurally and metabolically
-constitute more than half of the nervous tissues
In vertebrate embryos, cells become arranged to form three _______ ________ giving rise to all adult tissues
primary tissues
What are the three primary tissues?
-ectoderm
-mesoderm
-endoderm
organs
group of tissues organized to perform a special task
Heart
-an organ that pumps blood through the body
-consists of muscle tissue, nervous tissue, connective tissue, and epithelial tissue
The circulatory system includes:
-heart
-arteries
-other vessels that transport blood through the body
11 Major Organ Systems:
-Integumentary
-Muscular
-Skeletal
-Nervous
-Endocrine
-Digestive
-Lymphatic
-Respiratory
-Urinary
-Circulatory
-Reproductive
Integumentary System
an animal’s outer covering
(ex. chitin, vertebrate skin and its derivatives)
chitin
hardened cuticle of many invertebrates
Functions of the Human Skin
-protects the body from injury, dehydration, UV radiation, and some pathogens
-helps control temperature
-receives some external stimuli
-produces vitamin D (stimulated by UV)
Sunlight ____ Skin
damages
UV light stimulates ____ production in skin, in other words ___ _ ___
-melanin
-produces a tan
___ is the body’s way or protecting itself against UV
Tan
Prolonged sun exposure causes _____ ___ to clump, skin to age prematurely; “shoe-leather skin”
elastin fibers
