Unit One- Anatomical Terminology and Anatomical Movements Flashcards
What does the anatomical position look like?
-body upright
-standing erect facing the observer
-head and eyes facing forward
-feet are flat on the floor and forward
-upper limbs to the side
-palms turned forward
Terms for a reclining body
-prone position
-supine position
Prone position
body is lying face down
supine position
body is lying face up
Directional terms
describe the position of one body part relative to another
(anterior, posterior, ventral, dorsal, superior, inferior, proximal, distal, lateral, medial)
Anterior
toward the head
Posterior
toward the tail
ventral
toward the front
front or belly side
dorsal
toward the back
backside
How are directional terms grouped?
In pairs with opposite meanings
(anterior and posterior)
(ventral and dorsal)
superior
above
inferior
below
proximal
nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk
distal
farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk
lateral
farther from the midline
medial
nearer to the midline
superficial (external)
toward the surface of the body
deep (internal)
away from the surface of the body
planes
imaginary flat surfaces that pass through the body or body parts
sagittal plane
right and left sides
midsagittal plane
divides body into equal right and left sides
parasagittal plane
divides body into unequal right and left sides
frontal
anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions
transverse plane or cross-sectional
superior (upper) and inferior (lower portions)
What is viscera?
organs of the body
What are the major body cavities?
-cranial cavity
-spinal cavity
-thoracic cavity
-abdominal cavity
-pelvic cavity
What are the major body cavities?
-cranial cavity
-spinal cavity
-thoracic cavity
-abdominal cavity
-pelvic cavity
cranial cavity
formed by cranial bones and contains brain
vertebral canal
formed by vertebral column and contains spinal cord and the beginnings of spinal nerves
thoracic cavity
chest cavity (contains pleural and pericardial cavities and mediastinum)
pleural cavity
each surrounds a lung; the serous membrane of each pleural cavity is the pleura
pericardial cavity
surrounds the heart; the serous membrane of the pericardial cavity is the pericardium
mediastinum
anatomical region in the central portion of the thoracic cavity between the medial walls of pleural cavities;
extends from sternum to vertebral column and from first rib to diaphragm;
contains all the structures of the thoracic cavity other than the lungs (heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, some large blood vessels)
abdominopelvic cavity
subdivided into abdominal and pelvic cavities
abdominal cavity
contains stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, most of large intestine;
serous membrane of abdominal cavity is the peritoneum
pelvic cavity
contains urinary bladder, portions of large intestine, and internal organs of reproduction
Within the thoracic cavity:
-pericardial cavity (fluid-filled space that surrounds the heart)
-pleural cavity (two fluid-filled spaces that surround each lung)
What is the central part of the thoracic cavity between the lungs (extends from the first rib the diaphragm)?
mediastinum
Diaphragm
-separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity
-major muscle of respiration by contracting rhythmically
Two portions of the abdominopelvic cavity:
-abdominal cavity (stomach spleen, liver, gallbladder, small and large intestines)
-pelvic cavity (urinary bladder, internal organs of reproductive system, portions of large intestine)
pleura
serous membrane of the pleural cavities
visceral pleura
clings to the surface of the lungs
parietal pleura
lines the chest wall
pericardium
serous membrane of the pericardial cavity
visceral pericardium
covers the heart
parietal pericardium
lines the chest wall
peritoneum
serous membrane of the abdominal cavity
visceral peritoneum
covers the organs
parietal peritoneum
lines the abdominal wall
mesentery
membrane that attaches organs to the body wall
Abduction
lateral movement away from the mid-line of the trunk in the frontal plane
(ex. raising arms or legs to the side horizontally)
Adduction
movement medially toward the mid-line of the trunk in the frontal plane
(ex. lowering arm to side or thigh back to anatomical position)
Flexion
bending movement that results in a decrease of the angle in the joint by bringing bones together, usually in the sagittal plane
(ex. elbow joint when hand is drawn towards shoulder)
Extension
straightening movement that increases the angle in a joint by moving bones apart, usually in the sagittal plane
(ex. elbow joint when the hand moves away from the shoulder)
circumduction (circumflexion)
circular movement of a limb that delineates an arc or describes a combination of flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction
(basically a limb moves in a circle)
(ex. shoulder joint or hip joint move in circular fashion around a fixed point clockwise or counterclockwise)
diagonal abduction
movement by a limb through a diagonal plane away from the mid-line of the body
(ex. tennis backhand, starting down and moving up across the body)
diagonal adduction
movement by a limb through the diagonal plane towards and across the mid-line of the body
(ex. throwing a ball, starting up and moving down across the body)
External rotation (lateral rotation)
rotary movement around the longitudinal axis of a bone away from the mid-line of the body, occurs in a transverse plane of motion
internal rotation (medial rotation)
rotary movement around the longitudinal axis of a bone toward the mid-line of the body, occurs in transverse plane
Eversion (foot)
turning the sole of the foot outward in the frontal plane, abduction
(ex. weight on inner edge of foot)
Inversion (foot)
turning the sole of the foot inward or medially in the frontal plane; abduction
(ex. weight on outer edge of the foot)
Dorsal flexion (dorsiflexion) (foot)
flexion movement of the ankle that results in the top of the foot moving toward the anterior tibia in the sagittal plane
Plantar flexion (foot)
Extension movement of the ankle that results in the foot and/or toes moving away from the body in the sagittal plane
Pronation (hand)
a position of the hand with the palm faced down
Supination (hand)
a position of the hand with the palm faced up
Elevation (Shoulder Girdle or Jaw)
Superior movement of the shoulder girdle or jaw in the frontal plane
(ex. shrugging shoulders or closing your mouth)
Depression (Shoulder Girdle or Jaw)
Inferior movement of the shoulder girdle or jaw in the frontal plane
(ex. returning to normal position from shoulder shrug or opening your mouth)
Horizontal Abduction (shoulder joint or hip)
movement of the humerus or femur in the horizontal plane away from the mid-line of the body
Horizontal Adduction (shoulder joint or hip)
movement of the humerus or femur in the horizontal plane towards the mid-line of the body
Dorsal flexion (dorsiflexion) (hand)
extension of the wrist with the dorsal or posterior side of the hand (back hand) moving toward the posterior side of the forearm
Palmar flexion (Hand)
flexion of the wrist with the anterior side of the hand (palm) moving toward the anterior side of the forearm
