unit one- matter and energy exchange Flashcards
manipulated variable
the variable that is being tested or changed.
responding variable
results from the variable that was tested or changed.
controlled variable
variables that stays the same
qualitative data
data that uses descriptions or words. observed with senses. e.g color, odour, state change, etc
quantitative data
data that uses measurements e.g time, length, volume, etc
line graph
graph used when the manipulated variable is time which goes on the x-axis
bar graph
graph used for comparing groups of data.
total magnification
magnification of ocular lens(10x) X magnification of objective lens(40x)
nucleus(both)
brain, contains DNA (instructions)
nucleolus(both)
makes RNA and ribosomes
chromosome(both)
in nucleus, packages DNA and controls it’s functions
cell membrane(both)
semipermeable
controls what goes in and out of the cell
golgi apparatus/complex(both)
responsible for packaging
lysosome(both)
digestion(breaks down)
vacuole(both)
large storage container in plant cell
storage of food, water and waste
vesicle(both)
small storage container animal cell
storage of food, water and waste
ribosome(both)
protein synthesis
endoplasmic reticulum(both)
transportation
mitochondrion(both)
makes ATP(energy) through cellular respiration
cytoplasm(both)
fluid in the cell
cell wall(plant only)
made of cellulose
protection and support the cell
chloroplast(plant only)
contains chlorophyll
photosynthesis occurs here
centriole(animal only)
responsible for cell division
impermeable
allows nothing through(closed door)
semipermeable
allows some substances through(screen door)
permeable
allows all particles through(open door)
diffusion
movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration caused by a concentration gradient
simple diffusion
no energy required
moves small molecules with the concentration gradient
osmosis
the diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
facilitated diffusion
type of passive diffusion that requires a membrane protein
exocytosis
transports large particles out of the cell (active transport)
endocytosis
transports particles/water in the cell.
two types
- pinocytosis: cells absorb liquid like water
- phagocytosis: cells engulf(swallow) solid particles like food
active transport
transports that requires the cell membrane and ATP(energy). it moves solute molecules from low to high concentration against the concentration gradient
e.g nerve cells in the body
passive transport
transport that does not require ATP. it moves solute molecules from high to low concentration
transport protein
moves specific molecules molecules across cell membrane against the concentration gradient
concentration gradient
difference in concentration between 2 areas
factors that increase the rate of diffusion
- higher temperature
- smaller particles
- increased concentration or pressure
equilibrium
concentration of particles is the same across a membrane as the particles keep moving
solute
molecules that are dissolved in a solvent like salt or sugar
solvent
substance that dissolves a solute like water
solution
solute + solvent
hypertonic solution(high solute)
greater solute concentration outside of the cell than inside.
cell will shrink
hypotonic solution(low solute)
greater solute inside the cell
cell will expand
isotonic solution (equilibrium)
solution and cell have same concentrations making cell to stay the same.
equal movement of water
energy
the ability to do work
autotroph
organism that uses sunlight to make its own food. e.g plants
heterotroph
eat other plants and animals for energy e.g animals
first law of thermodynamics
energy cannot be created nor destroyed but can be changed from one form to another
second law of thermodynamics
all conversions of energy produce heat which is waste energy
ATP
adenosine triphosphate
- stores energy ATP= ADP + P + energy
photo(light) synthesis (to make or build)
the process whereby plants get their food through sunlight
thykaloid
pancake shaped structures inside a chloroplast and it is the site of light dependent reactions
chemiosmosis
the process in which ATP is created when hydrogen atoms move out of the thylakoid membrane through an enzyme called ATP synthase
stroma
fluid surrounding thylakoid and it is the site of the light independent reactions
light dependent reactions(photosynthesis)
light+water ➡️ O2+ATP+NADPH
light independent reactions(dark reactions)(photosynthesis)
known as the calvin benson cycle
ATP+NADPH+CO2 ➡️ glucose (C6 H12 O6)
calvin benson cycle
energy from the light dependent reactions that is used to make glucose in the stroma
cellular respiration
converts glucose into energy in the cytoplasm and mitochondrion
glucose + oxygen ➡️ carbon dioxide+ ATP
aerobic respiration
uses oxygen and produces 36 ATP
anaerobic respiration
does not use oxygen and produces only 2 ATP
two types of anaerobic respiration
- alcohol fermentation(yeast cells)
- muscle fermentation(muscle cells)
