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bio 20 > Unit 3 review > Flashcards

Unit 3 review Flashcards

1
Q

elements

A

pure substances made of one type of atom

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2
Q

sodium

A

Na

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3
Q

potassium

A

K

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4
Q

inorganic compounds

A

compounds that lacks C-H bonds except for CO2(carbon dioxide) and CN(cynide) e.g water H2O and salt NaCl

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5
Q

organic compounds

A

chemical compounds in all living organisms that contains carbon and hydrogen. e.g glucose and sucrose.

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6
Q

reactants

A

substances before the arrow e.g carbon dioxide and water

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7
Q

products

A

substances after the arrow e.g glucose and oxygen

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8
Q

acids

A

less than 7 on PH scale e.g hydrochloric acid, stomach acid, lemon juice

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9
Q

bases

A

greater than 7 on PH scale e.g sodium hydroxide, ammonium

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10
Q

metabolism

A

all the chemical reactions that occur in the body. can be either anabolic or catabolic

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11
Q

monomers

A

a molecule that forms the basic unit for polymers e.g amino acids

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12
Q

polymers

A

substance or molecules made up of many monomers bonded together e,g many amino acids bond together to form a protein

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13
Q

catabolic reactions(hydrolysis)

A

break down of larger chemicals(polymers) into smaller units(monomers) e.g digestion which is the breaking down of food

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14
Q

anabolic reactions(dehydration synthesis)

A

combine smaller units(monomers) to make larger molecules (polymers) e.g photosynthesis

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15
Q

hydro(water) lysis(to cut)

A

the process by which a larger molecule is broken down using water into two smaller molecules

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16
Q

dehydration(to take water out) synthesis(to make)

A

the process by which larger molecules are formed by the removal of water from two smaller molecules

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17
Q

how to remember the connection between the terms

A

CHAD

Catabolic-Hydrolysis-Anabolic- Dehydration Synthesis

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18
Q

4 types of major organic compounds

A

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids

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19
Q

carbohydrates

A

bodies most important source of energy that is made in plants and it is composed of 1 carbon 2 hydrogen and 1 oxygen e.g glucose

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20
Q

purposes of carbohydrates

A

structural- cellulose(plants) and chitin(insects)

energy-starch(plants) and glycogen(animals)

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21
Q

monosaccharides

A

1 sugar unit- glucose,fructose and galactose

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22
Q

disaccharides

A

two sugar units- sucrose, maltose and lactose

formed by dehydration synthesis

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23
Q

polysaccharides

A

many sugar units and it’s formed by dehydration synthesis

roles
energy storage such as starch for plants and glycogen for animals
structural support- such as cellulose for plants and chitin for exoskeletons

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24
Q

glucose

A

1 sugar unit that is found in blood. also a main source of energy

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25
Q

fructose

A

1 sugar unit found in fruits and it’s twice as sweet as glucose. also used for sweetners

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26
Q

galactose

A

1 sugar unit found in milk and it’s used as a nutritive sweetener

27
Q

sucrose

A

2 sugar units fructose+glucose found in table salt

28
Q

maltose

A

2 sugar units glucose+glucose found in seeds of germinating plants

29
Q

lactose

A

2 sugar units galactose+glucose found in milk

30
Q

starch

A

plant polymer of glucose created by photosynthesis

31
Q

glycogen

A

animal polymer of glucose. excess glucose is stored as glycogen in liver and muscle cells

32
Q

cellulose

A

glucose polymer found in plant cell walls known as finer and helps with digestion

33
Q

chitin

A

glucose polymer found in exoskeletons of insects, crustaceans and birds beaks

34
Q

lipids

A

made of Carbon Hydrogen and Oxygen

35
Q

uses of lipids

A

energy storage

structural material like cell membranes, cushion of organs, insulation’s, hormones

36
Q

types of lipids

A

phospholipids steroids and triglycerides

37
Q

triglycerides

A

fat that is formed from one glycerol and three fatty acids by dehydration synthesis

38
Q

2 types of triglycerides

A

saturated and unsaturated fat

39
Q

saturated fat

A

comes from animalse.g butter, cheese, cream, meat
single bonds are harder to break down
solid at room temperature

40
Q

unsaturated fats

A

comes from plants e.g canola oil, olive oils, nuts, avocado
double bonds are easier to break down
liquid at room temperature

41
Q

phospholipids

A

cell membranes in which phosphate heads are hydrophilic and lipid tails are hydrophobic

42
Q

steroids

A

formed from four fused carbon rings

important in making hormones e.g cholesterol like HDLs and LDLs

43
Q

cholesterol

A

a lipid and modified steroid made in the liver which is required in animal cell membranes abs is used to make some hormones

44
Q

LDLs low density lipoproteins

A

Bad but clogs arteries and can lead to a heart attack or stroke

45
Q

HDLs high density lipoproteins

A

good but carries liver to be broken down and removed from the body

46
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

fat accumulation on artery walls

47
Q

proteins

A

made of amino acids and contains elements such as Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen and Nitrogen

peptide chains are folded and coiled into a specific shape

48
Q

amino acids

A

small subunits(monomers) that make up a protein(polymer)

49
Q

peptide bond

A

bond between two amino acids and it is formed by dehydration synthesis

50
Q

polypeptide chain

A

many amino acids arranged in a chain linked by peptide bonds

51
Q

levels of protein structure

A

primary secondary tertiary and quaternary

52
Q

primary 1 degree

A

amino acids are organized in a linear arrangement

53
Q

secondary 2 degrees

A

amino acid chains are coiled or folded due to hydrogen bonding

54
Q

tertiary 3 degrees

A

the coiled molecule is further twisted into a folded 3D shape

55
Q

quaternary 4 degrees

A

interactions between different protein chains to form globular proteins

56
Q

denaturation

A

temporary change in shape of protein by heat, radiation or PH changes which affects functions of proteins

57
Q

nucleic acids

A

DNA and RNA
heredity and protein synthesis
monomer is nucleotide

58
Q

vitamins

A

coenzymes that are organic molecules which help enzymes to work e.g vitamin A for vision, B for spinal defects, C to prevent scurvy, D to prevent depression

59
Q

minerals

A

co factors that are inorganic molecules

60
Q

simple sugar test(glucose)

A

benedict’s reagent

blue to yellow

61
Q

starch test

A

iodine

amber to blue or black

62
Q

protein test

A

biuret

blue to lilac

63
Q

lupus test

A

red liquid or brown paper

opaque to translucent

bio 20 (3 decks)

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