Unit one key terms Flashcards
Define growth
Variable across different parts of the body and can be measured
(e.g. height and weight)
Define development
Complex changes which follow an orderly sequence
increasing in skill, capabilities
Define milestone
Ability achieved by most children at a certain age
e.g. walking and talking
Define development norms
Average set of expectations with respect to development
12 months = able to stand alone
Define gross motor skill
Large movements involving the use of large muscles
(e.g. rolling over)
Define fine motor skills
Smaller movements requiring precise direction and involving smaller muscles
(e.g. using a pencil)
What is a palmer grasp
Fingers close of palm of hand when something is in it
(e.g. a finger)
What is a pincer grasp
Using index finger and thumb to pick up small objects
(e.g. pushing buttons)
What is a tripod grasp
Using thumb, index finger and middle fingers to grasp
(for pencil skills and buttons on clothes)
Define puberty
Period of rapid change and growth preparing the body for sexual reproduction
Define adolesence
Following the oneset of puberty where a young person develops from a child to an adult
What are hormones
Chemical substances which pass through the bloodstream controlling or regulating body cells and organs
(e.g. sex hormones)
What is a primary sexual characteristic?
Changes and development of reproductive organs
What is a secondary sexual characteristic?
Outward/external signs of development
Define maturity
Fully developed and physically grown
What is the perimenopause transition?
When the ovaries stop producing eggs each month
Lasts four years
What is the perimenopause transition?
When the ovaries stop producing eggs each month
Lasts four years
What is menopause?
Termination of menestruation and reduction in the production of sex hormones
Define object permanence
An object still exists even if a child cannot see it
What is abstract logical thinking?
Solving problems using the imagination without seeing it physically
What is egocentric thinking?
Not being able to see something from another persons point of view
What is concrete logical thinking?
Solving problems in which an individual can see or physically handle
What is a schema?
A category of kn0owledge as well as a process of aquiring knowledge
What is disequilibrium?
When a schema is upset
What is a language acquisition device?
Something a child is born with to recognise and develop the language in which they experience
What is emotional literacy?
recognising, understanding and appropriately expressing emotion
What is empathy?
Identifying with or understanding anothers situation or feelings
What is attachment
A strong emotional connection between a child and a caregiver
What is a self-concept?
combination of self esteem and self image
What is solo play?
First stage of play (0-2)
Infants have limited social, cognative and physical skills so learn by exploring their environment at their own pace
What is parallel play?
Second stage of play (2-3)
Playing alongside other children
cannot share yet or take turns
What is co-operative play?
Third stage of play (3+)
Widening their social network group
can ask to play and play with other children and build friendships
What is an informal relationship?
Promoting positive self-concept
prepares for development of intimate relationships
What is a formal relationship?
They do not involve emotional attachment
Positive relationships with family in childhood are likely to be successful in developing effective formal relationships
Define nature
Genetic inheritance and other biological factors
Define nurture
The influence of external factors after conception
social and environmental factors
What is the stress diathesis model?
Stress (Nurture) + Diathesis (Nature) = Psychological and physical ill-health
What is a genetic predisposition?
An inherited vulnerability to a certain condition
What is a dysfunctional family?
A family that does not provide some or all of the benefits of a family
What is a authoritive parenting style?
Not overly strict
Respect authority
Develop appropriate values and boundaries
What is an authoritarian parenting style
High expectations
Strict rules
rebellious
problematic
What is a permissive parenting style?
Not many demands from their child
reluctant to implementing rules or values
lack of self-control
experience problems managing relationships and adult responsabilities
What is absolute poverty?
Cannot afford essential resources
What is relative poverty?
Can afford basic resources but not much else
What are predictable events
events that are expected to happen at a particular time which can be positive or negative
What are unpredictable life events?
Events that happen unexpectedly and can have serious physical and psychological effects which can be positive or negative
