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Immunobiology > Unit One Incued Innate Immunity > Flashcards

Unit One Incued Innate Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

Innate immunity is induced by

A

Invading pathogen

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2
Q

Innate immunity has a delay of

A

4 days

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3
Q

Induced innate immunity occurs when what has failed

A

Inflammation

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4
Q

Innate immunity receptors are expressed by what innate cells

A

Macrophages and NK cells

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5
Q

Innate immunity receptors are specific for

A

Microbial carbohydrates, lipids and proteins

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6
Q

Function of innate immunity receptors

A

Allow the cells to distinguish self from non self

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7
Q

Macrophages receptors are specific for

A

Bacterial carbohydrates and lipids

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8
Q

What are examples of tissue macrophage receptors

A

Lectins, scavenger receptors, complement receptors, toll like receptor

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9
Q

Lectin receptors recognize what

A

Bacterial carbohydrates

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10
Q

Examples of lectin receptors

A

Mannose receptor, dectin-1, ricin

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11
Q

Example of C type lectin receptor

A

Ricin

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12
Q

Scavenger receptors recognize

A

Negatively charged microbial ligands

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13
Q

Examples of scavenger receptors

A

SR-A, SR-B and MARCO

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14
Q

Function of SR-A

A

Recognizes lipopolysaccharide of gram negative bacteria and teichoic acids on gram positive bacteria

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15
Q

SR-B function

A

Recognizes bacterial lipopeptides

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16
Q

function of MARCO

A

Protects the macrophage and assists with phagocytosis

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17
Q

complement receptors on macrophages recognize

A

Ligands like LPS, hemagglutinin, glucans

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18
Q

Example of complement receptors on macrophages

A

CR3 and CR4

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19
Q

When pathogen binds to macrophage receptor what occurs

A

Receptor mediated endocytosis occurs

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20
Q

After pathogen is engulfed by macrophage what occurs

A

Phagosome then fuse with lysosomes to form phagolysosomes to destroy microbe

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21
Q

Function of toll like receptors (TLR)

A

Signal macrophages to recruit additional cells

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22
Q

Toll like receptor TLR4 has how many domains

A

Two

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23
Q

What are the two domains of TLR4

A

Extracellular that is the pathogen recognizing and intracellular that is the cytoplasmic signaling

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24
Q

TLR4 recognition is assisted by additional adaptors such as

A

CD14, MD2, and MyD88

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25
Q

When TLR4 binds to pathogen and adaptors what occurs

A

A cascade of enzymatic activity to activate phagocytosis

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26
Q

What are cytokines

A

Small soluble proteins that allow communication between cells

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27
Q

Macrophages secrete what when an infection has been identified

A

Cytokines

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28
Q

What occurs when macrophage secretes cytokines

A

Helps to call cells to the site

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29
Q

What are the inflammatory cytokines

A

IL-1b, IL-6, IL-12, CXCL8 and TNF-alpha

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30
Q

Neutrophils are not permitted into tissue unless what allows it

A

Cytokines

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31
Q

Function of CXCL8

A

Calls neutrophils, macrophages, and NK cells toward damaged or infected areas

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32
Q

Function of IL-12

A

Causes NK cells to proliferate and become active

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33
Q

Function of IL-6

A

Causes muscle/fat cells to generate more heat

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34
Q

Function of NOD like receptors

A

Detect intracellular degraded pathogen products

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35
Q

NOD1 and NOD2 function

A

Recognize components of bacterial cells wall in our cells

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36
Q

CARD receptor function

A

Recruits proteases called caspases to trigger apoptosis

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37
Q

What recruits CARD

A

NOD1 and NOD2

38
Q

What forms an inflammasome

A

IL-1b binds to macrophage receptor so that more IL-1b precursor can be made (inflammasomes)

39
Q

What is the positive feedback in formation of inflammasomes

A

Macrophages and inflammasomes

40
Q

Characteristic of macrophage

A

Long lived, in tissues, work from beginning of infection, phagocytosis function

41
Q

Characteristics of neutrophils

A

Short lived, circulate in blood, chemoattractants in damaged tissue, form pus

42
Q

What mediates movement of leukocytes and neutrophils

A

Adhesions on leukocytes and tissue surfaces

43
Q

Example of adhesions

A

Selectins, ICAM-1 and 2

44
Q

Where are selectins

A

On the endothelial cells of blood vessels

45
Q

Function of selectins

A

Decreases of blood flow and bind with neutrophils to slow and roll them along vessel

46
Q

Selectins contact what

A

Glycoproteins on neutrophils

47
Q

ICAM 1 and 2 bind to what

A

Integrins on neutrophils

48
Q

Function of ICAM1 and 2

A

Immobilize neutrophil on the vessels surface

49
Q

How do neutrophils leave the blood

A

Extravasation- between two endothelial cells

50
Q

Can neutrophils or macrophages phagocytose a wider rang and diversity of pathogens

A

Neutrophils

51
Q

What are the two types of granules in neutrophils

A

Primary, secondary and tertiary

52
Q

What are the primary granules in neutrophils

A

Lysozyme, defensins and myeloperoxidase

53
Q

What are the secondary granules in neutrophils

A

Lactoferrin

54
Q

What are the tertiary granules in neutrophils

A

Gelatinase

55
Q

What happens to neutrophils when their granules are used up

A

Apoptosis or Netosis

56
Q

What is netosis

A

Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) continue to kill pathogens

57
Q

How do NETs work

A

Trap pathogens as the neutrophil is dying, gather rest of granules and pushes them out to kill or trap pathogen

58
Q

What is the systemic effect of inflammatory cytokines

A

Fever, lethargy and acute phase response

59
Q

How does a fever work

A

Cytokines act on temperature control sites in hypothalamus, muscle and fat cells

60
Q

What are pyrogens

A

Turn up temperature

61
Q

What chemical works with fever

A

Pyrogens

62
Q

Benefits of fever

A

Pathogens don’t like high temps, allow immune system to run more efficiently

63
Q

How does lethargy help in the inflammatory response

A

Channels energy to immune defenses

64
Q

Acute phase response does what

A

Increases concentrations of plasma proteins

65
Q

What plasma proteins are used in acute phase response

A

CRP and serum amyloid A protein

66
Q

How does CRP work

A

Opsonin triggers classical pathway of complement fixation

67
Q

How does serum amyloid A protein work

A

Increases inflammatory cytokine production

68
Q

Lectin pathway uses what lectin

A

Mannose binding lectin (MBL)

69
Q

MBL binds ot what

A

Mannose containing carbohydrates of pathogens

70
Q

MBL triggers what

A

Lectin pathway and increases phagocytosis

71
Q

What do viruses use to replicate

A

Machinery of cell

72
Q

Viral proteins end up in

A

Cytoplasm

73
Q

Function fo interferons

A

Interfere with viral replication and send out signals to prepare neighboring cells

74
Q

Function of RLRs

A

Sensors that detect viral RNA, trigger the IFN-b production to stimulate cells

75
Q

Short hand of interferons

A

IFN

76
Q

IFN sends out signals for what type of cells

A

Natural killer cells

77
Q

NK cells are

A

Large active lymphocytes

78
Q

Response time of NK cells

A

Quickly and kill infected cells

79
Q

How do NK cells increase inflammation

A

Cytokine secretion

80
Q

NK cells express what

A

CD56 but no CD3

81
Q

What are the two sub populations of NK cells

A

CD56dim NK cells and CD56bright NK cells

82
Q

Function of CD56dim NK cells

A

Produce less CD56 molecules and have a greater capacity for killing

83
Q

Where are CD56dim NK cells found

A

Blood only

84
Q

CD56bright NK cells function

A

Produce more CD56 molecules

85
Q

Where are CD56bright NK cells found

A

In tissues only

86
Q

Interferon triggers NK cells to do what

A

Divide, differentiate and activate

87
Q

What do NK cells do

A

Check all cells to see if they are healthy or infected

88
Q

What happens when NK cell finds infected cell

A

NK adheres to target cell and delivers its toxic cargo to destroy the cell through apoptosis

89
Q

What does a macrophage secrete to bring NK cells to site of tissue damage and activate them

A

IL-12

90
Q

What assists with NK cell activation

A

IL-15

91
Q

What does NK cell secrete to activate macrophage

A

IFN-gamma

92
Q

Function of dendritic cell

A

Detect infection to stimulate lymphocytes and NK cells by changing the expressed cell surface proteins

Immunobiology (4 decks)

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