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Immunobiology > Unit One Immune System Intro > Flashcards

Unit One Immune System Intro Flashcards

1
Q

Immunology

A

Study of defense mechanisms against invading

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2
Q

Immune system

A

Network of defenses against invading pathogens

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3
Q

Vaccinations (immunizations)

A

Trigger the immune system to respond to a small amount of the pathogen without causing the effects of the disease

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4
Q

Vaccines cannot be made against all microorganisms because of

A

Nature of microorganism, differences in pathogenicity, limitations of technology, differences in individual immune responses

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5
Q

Commensal means

A

Eat at same table

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6
Q

What are commensal microorganisms

A

Pathogens live with us without causing disease

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7
Q

What are microbiota

A

Commensal in a particular body niche

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8
Q

What are the benefits of commensal microorganisms

A

Help process digested food and make vitamins, protect against disease by preventing colonization of pathogenic microorganisms, produce antibacterial proteins to kill of other bacteria

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9
Q

Example of antibacterial

A

E. coli

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10
Q

E. coli decreases antibacterial proteins called

A

Colicins

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11
Q

Antibiotics do what

A

Kill off invading pathogens and kill of commensal bacteria

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12
Q

What are pathogens

A

Organisms that can cause disease

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13
Q

Pathogens can also include what

A

Opportunistic pathogens

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14
Q

Categories of pathogens are

A

Bacteria, viruses, parasites, protozoa, fungi

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15
Q

What is pathogen host interactions

A

Microbe and its host interacts and the pathogen wants the host to stay alive

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16
Q

Disease often arises when the host has

A

A breakdown of the immune system

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17
Q

What are the barriers of the body

A

Skin, epithelium of mucous membranes

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18
Q

What is the first line of defense of the body

A

Skin

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19
Q

Examples of epithelium of mucous membranes

A

Mucus and anti microbial substances

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20
Q

The skin is protected by

A

Keratinized cells

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21
Q

How do you breach epithelium of skin

A

Cuts, wounds, burns and surgeries

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22
Q

What in the body uses mucus for protection

A

Respiratory, GI and urogenital

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23
Q

The respiratory tract uses what to remove cilia

A

Mucus

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24
Q

What are some antimicrobial substances used in respiratory, GI and urogenital tracts

A

Acids, antimicrobial peptides and lysozymes

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25
Q

What in acids are used in antimicrobial substances

A

Fatty acids and lactic acids to create acidic environment

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26
Q

Antimicrobial peptides do what to kill pathogens

A

Disrupt the membrane

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27
Q

Where do you find lysozymes

A

Tears and saliva

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28
Q

Function of lysozymes

A

Degrade the cell wall of pathogens

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29
Q

What are some breaches of natural barriers

A

Cuts, abrasions, bites, wounds, contaminate food/water, rubbing eyes and nose, breathing respiratory droplets

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30
Q

Many of the bacteria that enter through breaches are resolved by

A

Innate immunity

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31
Q

When the immediate innate immunity recognizes a pathogen what occurs

A

Binds to pathogen by soluble proteins and receptors

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32
Q

What is the effector response in the immediate innate response

A

Kills and eliminates pathogens

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33
Q

The effector response involves

A

Effector cells, complement and cytokines

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34
Q

What are effector cells

A

Engulf, kill or attack pathogen

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35
Q

What are complement in effector response

A

Proteins that help effector cells and also kill pathogens

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36
Q

What are cytokines in effector response

A

Soluble proteins produced by cells in the damaged area to trigger the induced innate immune response

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37
Q

Immediate innate immunity uses mostly

A

Inflammation

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38
Q

Inflammation consists of

A

Heat, pain, redness and swelling

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39
Q

Heat in inflammation

A

Dilation of capillaries to increase blood flow to damaged area

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40
Q

Redness in inflammation

A

Blood is close to surface of skin

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41
Q

Swelling in inflammation

A

Leakage of fluid/ edema

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42
Q

Pain in inflammation

A

Swelling puts pressure on nerve endings

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43
Q

If innate response fails what is used next

A

Adaptive immune response

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44
Q

What triggers the adaptive response

A

Innate

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45
Q

Adaptive immunity is mediated by

A

Lymphocytes

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46
Q

Is adaptive general or specific

A

Specific

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47
Q

Adaptive immunity has receptors for

A

Only one pathogen and their cell surface molecules

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48
Q

Once lymphocyte has identified pathogen, they do what

A

Proliferate and differentiate

49
Q

What is clinal selection

A

Selects for the pathogen specific lymphocytes

50
Q

Clonal expansion

A

Makes more of these lymphocytes and differentiates them

51
Q

Which is faster subsequent exposure or original exposure

A

Subsequent exposure

52
Q

What immune response deals with memory

A

Adaptive immune response

53
Q

Time duration of innate

A

Hours, rapid

54
Q

Time duration of adaptive

A

Days to weeks, slow response

55
Q

All blood cells derive from

A

Pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells

56
Q

Pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells are made in where

A

Yolk sac and fetal liver

57
Q

At 4-5 months of gestation the hematopoietic cells move where

A

Bone marrow

58
Q

In adults where are the hematopoietic cells

A

Bone marrow of skull, ribs, sternum, vertebra, pelvis and femurs

59
Q

Are hematopoietic cells self renewal

60
Q

What are the two general types of immune cells

A

Erythroid and myeloid/lymphoid

61
Q

What are the two types of erythroid cells

A

Erythrocytes and megakaryocytes (platelets)

62
Q

Myeloid/lymphoid cells can be divided into what

A

Granulocytes, monocytes and lymphocytes

63
Q

Megakaryocytes are where

A

In bone marrow and make platelets

64
Q

Granulocytes are what type of leukocytes

A

Polymorphonuclear

65
Q

What are the granulocytes

A

Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

66
Q

Function of neutrophils

A

Capture, engulf and kill microorganisms

67
Q

What type of cell is a neutrophil

A

Phagocyte and effector cell of innate immunity

68
Q

Time span of neutrophil

A

Short lived and die when run out of granules to form pus

69
Q

Function of eosinophils

A

Fight against worms and parasites

70
Q

Function of basophils

A

Involved in regulating parasite response

71
Q

Myeloid monocyte lineage contains what cells

A

Monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells and mast cells

72
Q

Function of monocytes

A

Form macrophages in the tissue

73
Q

Monocytes are only found where

74
Q

Macrophages are what

A

Large phagocytes

75
Q

Macrophages are only found where

A

In tissues

76
Q

Function of macrophages

A

Phagocytosis and can call for back up

77
Q

Function of dendritic cells

A

Act as cellular messengers when an adaptive response is needed

78
Q

Mast cells are involved in

A

Involved in inflammation

79
Q

Lymphoid lineage consists of

A

B and T cells and natural killer cells

80
Q

B and T cells are responsible for

A

Adaptive immunity

81
Q

Function of NK cells

A

Kill off virus infected cells

82
Q

NK cells deal with what type of immunity

83
Q

B cells contain what surface receptors

A

Immunoglobulins

84
Q

B cells effector cells are

A

Plasma cells

85
Q

Surface receptors of T cells

A

T cell receptors

86
Q

Are T cells secreted

87
Q

What are plasma cells

A

Secreted B cells that are soluble immunoglobulins

88
Q

How do effector cells come about in B and T cells

A

When B and T cells sees the antigen specific for it then they turn into effector cell

89
Q

B cells become what to produce antibody

A

Plasma cell

90
Q

T cells can differentiate into what

A

Cytotoxic T cell, helper T cell and regulatory T cell

91
Q

Function of Cytotoxic T cell

A

Kill cells infected with viruses or intracellular bacteria

92
Q

Function of helper T cell

A

Help other leukocytes become effector cells

93
Q

Helper T cells can help active what cells

A

Macrophages and B cells

94
Q

Function of regulatory T cells

A

Control cytotoxic T cells

95
Q

Antibodies attack pathogens by what

A

Neutralization, opsonization and complement activation

96
Q

What is neutralization

A

Antibodies binding to pathogens to prevent growth, replication or interaction

97
Q

What is opsonization

A

Antibody facilitates phagocytosis of pathogens by macrophages and neutrophils

98
Q

What is complement activation

A

Antibody Activates compliment activator proteins

99
Q

Macrophages and neutrophils have general receptors for antibodies to allow for

A

Phagocytosis

100
Q

What are the primary lymphoid tissues

A

Bone marrow, thymus, spleen, adenoids, tonsils, appendix, lymph nodes and peyer’s patches

101
Q

What are the secondary lymphoid tissues

A

Mucosa of gut, respiratory mucosa and urogenital tract mucosa

102
Q

What is central lymphoid tissues

A

Where lymphocytes are made and mature

103
Q

Example of central lymphoid tissue

A

Bone marrow and thymus

104
Q

Wha this peripheral lymphoid tissue

A

Location where mature lymphocytes are stimulated to respond to pathogens

105
Q

Example of peripheral lymphoid tissue

A

Lymph nodes

106
Q

Can pathogens be found in the peripheral lymphoid tissues

107
Q

What is lymphocyte recirculating

A

Lymphocytes circulate in blood stream and lymphatic ducts

108
Q

What are lymphatic follicles

A

T or B cell areas of aggregation

109
Q

How does adaptive immunity work in lymph node

A

Pathogen enter through afferent vessel, B cell and T cell bind to pathogen and proliferate, then pass through efferent vessel

110
Q

B cell are further activate by what in the lymph node

111
Q

Function of spleen

A

Filter blood and removed dead RBCs

112
Q

What stimulates the B and T cells arriving in spleen

A

Splenic macrophages and dendritic cells

113
Q

What occurs in red pulp of spleen

A

RBCs monitored and removed

114
Q

What happens in white pulp of spleen

A

Where WBCs gather

115
Q

What is asplenia

A

No spleen when born, more susceptible to infections

116
Q

What is involved in mucosal immunity

A

GALT, BALT, MALT

117
Q

Function of mucosal immunity

A

Filter out pathogens to activate lymphocytes

118
Q

What delivers pathogens across the mucosa for delivery to lymphocytes to be activate

Immunobiology (4 decks)

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