Unit One Immune System Intro Flashcards
Immunology
Study of defense mechanisms against invading
Immune system
Network of defenses against invading pathogens
Vaccinations (immunizations)
Trigger the immune system to respond to a small amount of the pathogen without causing the effects of the disease
Vaccines cannot be made against all microorganisms because of
Nature of microorganism, differences in pathogenicity, limitations of technology, differences in individual immune responses
Commensal means
Eat at same table
What are commensal microorganisms
Pathogens live with us without causing disease
What are microbiota
Commensal in a particular body niche
What are the benefits of commensal microorganisms
Help process digested food and make vitamins, protect against disease by preventing colonization of pathogenic microorganisms, produce antibacterial proteins to kill of other bacteria
Example of antibacterial
E. coli
E. coli decreases antibacterial proteins called
Colicins
Antibiotics do what
Kill off invading pathogens and kill of commensal bacteria
What are pathogens
Organisms that can cause disease
Pathogens can also include what
Opportunistic pathogens
Categories of pathogens are
Bacteria, viruses, parasites, protozoa, fungi
What is pathogen host interactions
Microbe and its host interacts and the pathogen wants the host to stay alive
Disease often arises when the host has
A breakdown of the immune system
What are the barriers of the body
Skin, epithelium of mucous membranes
What is the first line of defense of the body
Skin
Examples of epithelium of mucous membranes
Mucus and anti microbial substances
The skin is protected by
Keratinized cells
How do you breach epithelium of skin
Cuts, wounds, burns and surgeries
What in the body uses mucus for protection
Respiratory, GI and urogenital
The respiratory tract uses what to remove cilia
Mucus
What are some antimicrobial substances used in respiratory, GI and urogenital tracts
Acids, antimicrobial peptides and lysozymes
What in acids are used in antimicrobial substances
Fatty acids and lactic acids to create acidic environment
Antimicrobial peptides do what to kill pathogens
Disrupt the membrane
Where do you find lysozymes
Tears and saliva
Function of lysozymes
Degrade the cell wall of pathogens
What are some breaches of natural barriers
Cuts, abrasions, bites, wounds, contaminate food/water, rubbing eyes and nose, breathing respiratory droplets
Many of the bacteria that enter through breaches are resolved by
Innate immunity
When the immediate innate immunity recognizes a pathogen what occurs
Binds to pathogen by soluble proteins and receptors
What is the effector response in the immediate innate response
Kills and eliminates pathogens
The effector response involves
Effector cells, complement and cytokines
What are effector cells
Engulf, kill or attack pathogen
What are complement in effector response
Proteins that help effector cells and also kill pathogens
What are cytokines in effector response
Soluble proteins produced by cells in the damaged area to trigger the induced innate immune response
Immediate innate immunity uses mostly
Inflammation
Inflammation consists of
Heat, pain, redness and swelling
Heat in inflammation
Dilation of capillaries to increase blood flow to damaged area
Redness in inflammation
Blood is close to surface of skin
Swelling in inflammation
Leakage of fluid/ edema
Pain in inflammation
Swelling puts pressure on nerve endings
If innate response fails what is used next
Adaptive immune response
What triggers the adaptive response
Innate
Adaptive immunity is mediated by
Lymphocytes
Is adaptive general or specific
Specific
Adaptive immunity has receptors for
Only one pathogen and their cell surface molecules
Once lymphocyte has identified pathogen, they do what
Proliferate and differentiate
What is clinal selection
Selects for the pathogen specific lymphocytes
Clonal expansion
Makes more of these lymphocytes and differentiates them
Which is faster subsequent exposure or original exposure
Subsequent exposure
What immune response deals with memory
Adaptive immune response
Time duration of innate
Hours, rapid
Time duration of adaptive
Days to weeks, slow response
All blood cells derive from
Pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells
Pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells are made in where
Yolk sac and fetal liver
At 4-5 months of gestation the hematopoietic cells move where
Bone marrow
In adults where are the hematopoietic cells
Bone marrow of skull, ribs, sternum, vertebra, pelvis and femurs
Are hematopoietic cells self renewal
Yes
What are the two general types of immune cells
Erythroid and myeloid/lymphoid
What are the two types of erythroid cells
Erythrocytes and megakaryocytes (platelets)
Myeloid/lymphoid cells can be divided into what
Granulocytes, monocytes and lymphocytes
Megakaryocytes are where
In bone marrow and make platelets
Granulocytes are what type of leukocytes
Polymorphonuclear
What are the granulocytes
Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils
Function of neutrophils
Capture, engulf and kill microorganisms
What type of cell is a neutrophil
Phagocyte and effector cell of innate immunity
Time span of neutrophil
Short lived and die when run out of granules to form pus
Function of eosinophils
Fight against worms and parasites
Function of basophils
Involved in regulating parasite response
Myeloid monocyte lineage contains what cells
Monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells and mast cells
Function of monocytes
Form macrophages in the tissue
Monocytes are only found where
In blood
Macrophages are what
Large phagocytes
Macrophages are only found where
In tissues
Function of macrophages
Phagocytosis and can call for back up
Function of dendritic cells
Act as cellular messengers when an adaptive response is needed
Mast cells are involved in
Involved in inflammation
Lymphoid lineage consists of
B and T cells and natural killer cells
B and T cells are responsible for
Adaptive immunity
Function of NK cells
Kill off virus infected cells
NK cells deal with what type of immunity
Innate
B cells contain what surface receptors
Immunoglobulins
B cells effector cells are
Plasma cells
Surface receptors of T cells
T cell receptors
Are T cells secreted
No
What are plasma cells
Secreted B cells that are soluble immunoglobulins
How do effector cells come about in B and T cells
When B and T cells sees the antigen specific for it then they turn into effector cell
B cells become what to produce antibody
Plasma cell
T cells can differentiate into what
Cytotoxic T cell, helper T cell and regulatory T cell
Function of Cytotoxic T cell
Kill cells infected with viruses or intracellular bacteria
Function of helper T cell
Help other leukocytes become effector cells
Helper T cells can help active what cells
Macrophages and B cells
Function of regulatory T cells
Control cytotoxic T cells
Antibodies attack pathogens by what
Neutralization, opsonization and complement activation
What is neutralization
Antibodies binding to pathogens to prevent growth, replication or interaction
What is opsonization
Antibody facilitates phagocytosis of pathogens by macrophages and neutrophils
What is complement activation
Antibody Activates compliment activator proteins
Macrophages and neutrophils have general receptors for antibodies to allow for
Phagocytosis
What are the primary lymphoid tissues
Bone marrow, thymus, spleen, adenoids, tonsils, appendix, lymph nodes and peyer’s patches
What are the secondary lymphoid tissues
Mucosa of gut, respiratory mucosa and urogenital tract mucosa
What is central lymphoid tissues
Where lymphocytes are made and mature
Example of central lymphoid tissue
Bone marrow and thymus
Wha this peripheral lymphoid tissue
Location where mature lymphocytes are stimulated to respond to pathogens
Example of peripheral lymphoid tissue
Lymph nodes
Can pathogens be found in the peripheral lymphoid tissues
Yes
What is lymphocyte recirculating
Lymphocytes circulate in blood stream and lymphatic ducts
What are lymphatic follicles
T or B cell areas of aggregation
How does adaptive immunity work in lymph node
Pathogen enter through afferent vessel, B cell and T cell bind to pathogen and proliferate, then pass through efferent vessel
B cell are further activate by what in the lymph node
T cells
Function of spleen
Filter blood and removed dead RBCs
What stimulates the B and T cells arriving in spleen
Splenic macrophages and dendritic cells
What occurs in red pulp of spleen
RBCs monitored and removed
What happens in white pulp of spleen
Where WBCs gather
What is asplenia
No spleen when born, more susceptible to infections
What is involved in mucosal immunity
GALT, BALT, MALT
Function of mucosal immunity
Filter out pathogens to activate lymphocytes
What delivers pathogens across the mucosa for delivery to lymphocytes to be activate
M cells