Unit one: general principles Flashcards
1
Q
define pharmacology
A
the science of drugs and the changes produced in living organisms by drugs
(both natural and synthetic chemical agents)
2
Q
define drug
A
any chemical substance which is capable of modifying biological activity in the body
3
Q
what are the different ways drugs can be classified? (4)
A
- effect
- structure
- action
- source
all drugs have these characteristics and any of these methods can be used
4
Q
which classification type is the most useful for vet techs?
A
effect
because it tells us the desired outcome
5
Q
Bacteriostatic is an example of what drug classification?
A
Effect
- tells us it inhibits the multiplication of bacterial cells (eg. oxytetracycline)
6
Q
Diuretic is an example of what drug classification?
A
Effect
- these drugs will promote the formation and excretion of urine (eg furosemide)
7
Q
Stimulant is an example of what drug classification?
A
Effect
- these drugs will increase the functional activity of a part of the body
eg doxapram
8
Q
steroid is an example of what drug classification?
A
structure
- this group includes sex hormones (estrogen, testosterone, cortisone) produced by the adrenal cortex
9
Q
barbituates is an example of what drug classification?
A
structure
- are derived from barbituric acid
eg thiopental
10
Q
Glycosides is an example of what drug classification?
A
structure
- includes cardiac glycosides (eg digoxin)
11
Q
how can a drug’s action be described? (2)
A
- physical terms
- physiological terms
12
Q
how is drug action described in physical terms?
A
described the action of the drug
- relates to the type of drug activity (how it works)
- eg. osmotic diuretic (the drug will increase urine production via osmotic action in the kidney)
13
Q
how is a drug described in physiological terms?
A
described the action of the drug
- relates to the drug effect on the function of a particular body part
eg neuromuscular blocker (blocks the transmission of nerve impulses between a nerve and muscle fiber)
14
Q
what are the 3 sources of drugs?
A
inorganic
organic
synthetic
15
Q
what is an inorganic drug?
A
describes the source
- derived from non-living sources and do not contain carbon
eg minerals
16
Q
what is an organic drug?
A
describes the source
- derived from living organisms and contains carbon (plants)
17
Q
what is a synthetic drug?
A
describes the source of the drug
- a drug produced artificially by chemical or biochemical means
18
Q
how can inorganic drugs be further classified?
A
whether their pharmacological effect is produced by the CATIONIC (positively charged) or ANIONIC (negatively charged) part of the drug
19
Q
examples of cationic drugs (8)
A
- copper
- iron
- magnesium
- calcium
- cobalt
- cadmium
- arsenic
- mercury
(a type of inorganic drug, referring to the source)
20
Q
examples of anionic drugs (5)
A
- fluorine
- bromine
- nitrate
- nitrite
- chlorine
(a type of inorganic drug, referring to the source)
21
Q
how can organic drugs be further classified?
A
by whether they originate from animals or plants
22
Q
what compounds/drugs come from animals? (3)
A
- hormones (ACTH, insulin, oxytocin)
- enzymes (pepsin, trypsin)
- extracts (liver extract, glandular extract)
23
Q
what compounds/drugs come from plants? (6)
A
- alkaloids (morphine, heroin, nicotine, cocaine)
- glycosides (digitalis, saponins, tannins)
- volatile oils /essential oils (camphor oil, oil of peppermint)
- fats and fixed oils (olive oil, corn oil, peanut oil)
- waxes [esters of fatty acids and glycerol] (lard, lanolin, beeswax)
- antibiotics [from fungi] (penicillin)
24
Q
what are the 6 steps for safe drug administration
A
- the correct drug (check 3 times, when getting the container, when removing the drug from the container, and when putting the container back, note the concentration)
- correct dose (dose calculated for the individual patient)
- correct time (is to keep proper levels and avoid toxicity)
- correct route and technique (patients need to receive the full amount by the correct route)
- correct patient
- correct documentation
25
why does the correct time of drug administration matter?
to keep proper levels of the drug in the plasma and to avoid toxicity
26
what do we use drugs for?
- prevention
- treatment
- anesthesia
- pain control
- diagnostics
27
forms of liquid medicine administrations (4)
- suspension
- emulsion
- solution
- liniment
28
types of solid drug administration (6)
- tablets (chewable, scored or not)
- capsules
- bolus
- powders
- suppositories
- implants
29
forms of gase medication (3)
- liquids vaporized into gas
- nebulized medications
- oxygen
30
types of topical medication
- cream
- ointment
- drops
- gel
- liniment
- lotion
- ointment
- powder
- paste
- spray (aerosol or pump)
- transdermal patch
31
what does ROA stand for
routes of administration
32
what may affect ROA choice (5)
- formulations available
- patient temperament and condition (eg. if vomiting no oral drugs)
- convenience
- cost
- pharmacokinetics (ADME) (eg. fast acting = short duration)
33
what does ADME stand for?
Absorption
Distribution
Metabolism
Elimination
refers to the pharmacokinetics of the drug
34
what are some factors of pharmacokinetics (3)
- how rapidly the drug acts
- duration of the desired action
- site of action that the drug must reach to be effective
35
define the onset of action
how long it takes from the time of administration until it starts working
36
define the duration of action
how long the drug remains in the body
37
topical medication usually has a ______ effect
localized (superficial)
38
applying a medication where may make it systemic?
mucus membrane
39
when to use a transdermal patch?
for long-term steady systemic absorption
40
when is a topical medication most useful?
when the affected area is the superficial layer of the epidermis
41
define penetration enhancer
- a pharmacologically inactive solvent that helps facilitate the penetration of a drug topically
42
list mm sites (9)
- oral mucosa
- sublingual
- rectum
- urinary bladder
- vagina
- uterus
- nasal septum
- eye
- mammary glands (intramammary)
43
describe transdermal absorption
a form of topical administration where a drug is applied to the patient with an adhesive. The drug is slowly absorbed through the skin to achieve controlled systemic blood levels
44
describe parenteral drug administration
- delivering drugs by means other than normal body openings
- normally an injection (needle and syringe)
45
IV
intravenous
- directly into a vein
46
IM
intramuscular
- directly into a muscle
47
SC or SQ
subcutaneous
- under the skin
48
IP
intraperitoneal
- directly into the abdominal cavity
49
IA
intra-articular
- directly into the synovial fluid of the joint cavity
50
IO
intraosseous
- directly into the medullary cavity of the bone (lengthwise in mammals)
51
IC
intracardiac
- directly into the heart
52
IT
intratracheal
- directly into the trachea
53
epidural
into the space surrounding the spinal cord
54
when should IV route be used? (5)
- emergencies
- irritating drug (blood is a good buffer)
- precise drug control
- long-term administration of short-acting drugs
- a drug that can be neutralized by the GI tract
55
when should IV drug administration be used? (2)
- need fast onset (emergencies)
- used to give a bolus, intermittent dosing, or CRI
56
where can IV drugs be administered
- IV catheter
- fluid lines
- injection port
- vessel
57
how must IV drugs be formulated?
as an aqueous solution
(cannot be a suspension)
58
define aqueous solution
sterile water is used as the solvent
59
define suspension
preparation of a finely divided, undissolved substance dispersed in a liquid vehicle or oily solution that contains oil droplets
60
what are the three IV injection techniques?
1. bolus injection
2. intermittent therapy
3. continuous administration
61
what is a bolus IV injection and why is it given?
- is a concentrated mass of pharmaceutical preparation
- is used to achieve immediate concentration of the drug
62
what is intermittent therapy (IV injection technique)?
- diluting a drug dose in a small volume of fluid and administering it over a period of 30-60min multiple times a day by means of an indwelling catheter
- is the best way to achieve high blood levels of antibiotics in very ill patients
63
what technique is the best way to achieve high blood levels of antibiotics in very ill patients
intermittent IV therapy
64
what is continuous administration (IV injection technique)
- large amounts of fluid is administered continuously over an extended period of time
eg, electrolytes, amino acids (nutritional agents)
65
the jugular vein is most commonly used in which animals: (4)
cow
horse
goat
sheep
66
the ear vein is most commonly used in which animal?
pig
67
the cephalic vein is most commonly used in:
cat
dog
68
the saphenous vein is most commonly used in:
cat
dog
69
the caudal/ tail vein is most commonly used in:
cattle (small volumes)
70
rules associated with IV drug administration (4):
- don't give the drug too quickly (increased risk of adverse effects)
- must be sterile
- drugs must be properly mixed
- drug must be water soluble
71
when should IM injections be used? (4)
- if SQ is too slow
- for 'depot' (repository) type preparations
- drugs in suspension
- fractions animal (cannot get IV access)
72
why is IM faster than SQ?
the large number of blood vessels in musculature increases the rate of absorption
73
what is a 'depot' type drug?
- a drug that's combined with substance to delay absorption
- e.g. iron dextran
74
onset and duration of IM injections
- relatively rapid onset (10-30min) for aqueous solutions
- fair duration, influenced by the state of the drug (dissolved or suspended) and the vehicle (aqueous or lipid)
75
when are IM injections recommended?
- if SQ is too slow
- if the drug is a depot preparation
- the drug is in a suspension form
- fractions animals
76
what is the onset time of an IM injection?
10-30 min
slower then IV
faster then SQ
77
which lasts longer IM or IV?
IM
78
where should IM injections be administered?
- heavily muscled areas
- epaxial (lumbar) muscles
- SMST
- in large animals the neck
79
in which animals can an IM injection be administered in the hamstrings?
dog
cat
horse
80
in which animals can an IM injection be administered in the epaxial muscles?
dog, cat
81
in which animals can an IM injection be administered in the side of the neck?
swine
cattle
82
why in cattle (especially food producing) should you inject on the side of the neck?
carcass quality
83
for small animals what is the max IM injection amount?
2mL
84
for large animals what is the max amount that you can inject IM?
10mL
85
when is IM recommended?
when slower, prolonged absorption is required
e.g.: vx, insulin, hormones
86
which lasts longer IM or SQ?
SQ
87
what drugs should you avoid when administering drugs SQ?
- irritating drugs
- vasoconstrictive drugs (in some cases vasoconstriction is desired, to slow down drug absorption and encourage a longer duration of effect)
88
which route has less reliable drug outcomes?
SQ
89
in which animals can drugs be administered SQ in the scruff?
cats
dogs
90
in which animals can drugs be administered SQ in the side of the neck?
horse
91
where in cattle can drugs be administered SQ?
- side of the neck
- over the shoulder blade
- over the rib cage just behind the shoulder blade
92
In pigs where can drugs be administered SQ?
- side of the neck
- over the rib cage behind the shoulder blade
93
what is the most common route for vx administration?
SQ
94
eg of things that can be administered SQ
- isotonic fluids
- some medications
- microchips
95
when should drugs be administered IP?
- when other routes are not available (pocket pets)
- in food-producing animals to administer larger volumes of sterile fluids without IV access
96
what is the absorption, onset, and duration of IP administration?
- fairly rapid absorption
- fairly rapid onset
- short duration
97
what are the risks associated with IP drug administration?
- organ laceration
- risk of peritonitis
98
how are drugs administered IP absorbed by the body?
by the liver via the portal circulation
99
is IP faster onset than IV?
no
its slightly slower
100
what's portal circulation?
- is the route of blood from the GI tract and spleen through the portal vein and to the liver before entering general circulation
101
how to administer IP drugs
- the solution should be warmed to body temperature
- sterile technique to prevent infection of the abdominal cavity
- be careful not to hit any organs
- should be performed by experienced personnel
102
when should IA administration be used?
- diagnostic testing
- local anesthesia
103
how are drugs administered IA
- sterile technique
104
when should IO injections be used?
- neonates
- exotics
- avian
- emergencies (when IV access is difficult)
105
What is the onset and duration of drugs administered IO?
- same as IV
- fast onset, short duration
106
in mammals where are IO catheters placed?
long bones
107
in birds what bones are not used for IO catheters?
- long bones (is used for respiration)
108
which animals is IO administration used in?
- animals in shock
- neonates
- cats
- birds
109
when is IC drug administration used?
- emergencies (last resort)
- euthanasia
110
when is IT drug administration used?
- for cardiac stimulation in emergencies
- during CPR if IV access is not accesable
111
how are drugs administered IT?
- via ET tube
- double the volume that you would have given IV
112
what is the absorption and onset of drugs administered IT?
rapid onset
short duration
113
when is an epidural given
- for spinal anesthesia
- results in the loss of sensation in the distal part of the body
114
why are epidurals given?
to produce spinal anesthesia, results in the loss os sensations like pain in the distal part of the body
115
what is an epidural?
an anesthetic agent is injected into the epidural space (narrow space surrounding the spinal cord)
116
in which animals are epidurals common?
cattle
117
what is the onset time of an epidural?
10-15min
118
what is typically the easiest type of medication for owners to administer?
oral meds
119
which route of drug administration is ideal if a long duration of action is ideal?
oral
120
PO onset of action
slower then other routs because it has to cross barriers (cell membranes of the stomach, intestine) to get into the blood stream
121
For PO drugs, why is a larger dose required then parenteral routes?
1. not all the drug gets absorbed (gets diluted in the GI tract by other fluids)
2. once absorbed the drug will pass through the liver where some will get metabolized
vomiting and diarrhea further reduce the effectiveness
122
First pass effect
with PO drugs, after absorption, the drug passes through the liver where some of the drug will be metabolized before it can reach the site of action
123
enteric coating
- the coating on tablets
- is designed to no be dissolved by the gastric acid and will be absorbed by the small intestine
124
what products should not be given with antacids?
products with entric coatings
125
coated sustained release
- are tablets designed to allow for controlled drug release
eg microencapsulated drugs
126
define bolus in PO drugs administration
large compressed, rectangular tablets that are used in large animals
127
what are the different types of PO liquid drug administration options (4)
- solutions
- suspensions
- emulsion
- drench
128
what is a solution?
- preparation of drugs that is disolved in a liquid
- will not settle out if left standing
- soluble powders may be administered in drinking water or milk
- can be given IV
129
what is a suspension?
- a finely ground undissolved substance dispersed in water
- drug must be re-suspended uniformly before use by shaking the container
- don't give IV
130
what is an emulsion?
- fine droplets of oil in water or water in oil
- must be vigorously shaken before administration
- don't give IV
131
what is a drench?
- a large, forced volume of solution or suspension
- commonly used in large animal
132
liniment
- cream that penetrates the skin
- is a liquid
133
when should drugs be inhaled?
when they are in a gas, vapor, nebulized, or aerosol form
134
how quickly are drugs absorbed when inhaled?
- quickly
- large surface area of alveoli and high concentration of blood vessels in the lungs
- also rapid excretion
135
what factors may affect the ROA of choice?
- practical
- pharmacokinetic factors
136
What are the 2 levels at which pharmaceuticals are controlled?
federal (food and drug act)
provincial (drug and Pharmacies Regulation Act)
137
what does the Food and Drug Act oversee (federal) (5)
- legislation governing the approval of drugs (contents, safety, and legality)
- labeling/ packaging requirements
- DIN (Drug Identification Number)
- VDD (the Veterinary Drug Directorate) (this is done by Health Canada)
- production, import, export, transport across provinces, and sale
138
when was the Food and Drug Act first passed?
1920
139
when was the Food and Drug Act most recently revised?
1985
140
what does the Food and Drug Act attempt to ensure? (4)
- that these products are safe
- the ingredients are disclosed
- the drug is effective
- is not sold as food or cosmetics
141
what does Part C of the Food and Drug Act oversee? (4)
- labeling and packaging requirements
- DIN
- license requirements for DINs
- establishment licensing requirements
- GMP (good manufacturing practices)
142
what does the Drug and Pharmacies Act oversee?
- the sale of pharmaceuticals (where you can get it)
- classifies drugs into schedules
143
what are schedule D drugs
Biologics
(vx, hormones)
144
what are schedule G drugs?
controlled drugs
(has street value, needs to be logged)
145
what are schedule N drugs?
narcotics
146
which drugs need to be double-locked and logged?
schedule G and N drugs
147
what are schedule F part l drugs?
prescription drugs
148
what are schedule F part ll drugs?
veterinary drugs
149
how many numbers are in a DIN
8
150
what are the characteristics of the products are identified by?
1. manufacturer
2. product name (brand/trade name eg Tylenol)
3. active ingredient
4. Strengths of active ingredient (name and strength of each active ingredient are listed)
5. pharmaceutical form
6. route of administration
7. class
151
Chemical name
- describes the chemical composition of the drug
(eg: ampicillin sodium, penicillin)
152
Generic name
- non-proprietary name of the drug
- often the chemical name
- common name chosen by the developer
- becomes the standard name
- listed after the trade name and is not capitalized
- not protected property
153
a written prescription label must have:
1. name, full address, and telephone number of the vet hospital
2. name of prescribing vet and their license number
3. name and strength of the drug
4. volume or number dispensed
5. expiry date (if applicable)
6. date dispensed
7. clients name
8. animals name or identification number
9. directions for use
10. any warning or health hazards
11. drugs withdrawal time (if applicable)
12. if the med is refillable, and if so how often
154
withdrawal time
- how long the drug takes to leave the body
- can't consume the animal or its products in this time
155
compounded veterinary drugs
- are drugs that have been changed from one form to another
- are created with raw ingredients
- is 2 or more products mixed together
156
benefits of compounded drugs
- specific concentrations
- ease of administration
- flavouring
- pill to liquid
and more
157
when will you not see a DIN on a product?
when it was comounded
158
what are the regulations for compounded drugs?
- all responsibility is on the vet not the manufacturer
- compounding should only be used when a drug is not available or when the form available is not suitable for a particular patient
- the products are not for redistribution for use in other animals
159
what are the cons of compounded drugs?
- short expiry date (90 days)
- expensive
