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GIT Flashcards

1
Q

List the classes of GIT drugs (8)

A
  • emetics
  • antiemetics
  • gastroprotectants / anuclear agents
  • antidiarrheals
  • gastointestinal stimulants
  • laxatives
  • purgatives
  • drugs acting on the rumen
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2
Q

what are the types of GIT

A
  • monogastric
  • ruminant
  • well-developed cecum
  • bird (no teeth, has a crop and double ceca)
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3
Q

what are the accessory organs

A
  • teeht
  • tongue
  • salivary glands
  • liver
  • gall bladder
  • pancreas
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4
Q

what are the three basic functions of the GIT

A
  • intake
  • absorption
  • excretion
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5
Q

what is gastrointestional motility controlled by? (3)

A
  • the nervous system
  • GI hormones
  • substances released from specialized cells in the gut (histamine, serotonin, prostaglandins)
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6
Q

List the GI hormones

A
  • gastrin (stimulates release of acid)
  • Secretin (stops release of acid)
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7
Q

How does the NS control GI motility

A
  • autonomic NS
  • nerves within the wall of the gut (stretch receptors)
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8
Q

what are the cells in the stomach

A
  • parietal (oxyntic) cells
  • chief (zygomatic) cells
  • goblet cells
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9
Q

Describe parietal (oxyntic) cells

A
  • secrete HYDROCHLORIC ACID
  • HCl aids in digestion by activating gastric enzymes
  • HCl kills microorganisms and enzymes that enter with food
  • HCl is secreted in response to VAGUS NERVE stimulation or PEPSIN secretion
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10
Q

Describe chief (zygomatic) cells

A
  • secretes PEPSINOGEN
  • secreted in response to VAGUS NERVE stimulation and GASTRIN release
  • Pepsinogen autocatalyses in response to HCl
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11
Q

Describe goblet cells

A
  • secrete MUCUS
  • mucus protects against autodigestion
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12
Q

what are the roles of drugs in altering the GIT function (6)

A
  • Affects gastrointestinal tract motility
  • control the secretion of glands within the tract
  • modify the contents
  • modify brain response
  • act as a replacement to aid digestion
  • treat infections
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13
Q

describe emesis

A
  • forceful ejection of stomach contents
  • nervous pathways to chemoreceptor trigger zone of the brain (CRTZ)
  • CRTZ are found in the pharynx, GIT, urinary system, and heart
  • CRTZ may be triggered by pain, excitement, fear, inner ear disorders, drugs, or metabolic conditions
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14
Q

continued vomiting results in a loss of:

A
  • sodium
  • potassium (this is the most significant loss)
  • chloride
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15
Q

when are emetics contraindicated (3)

A
  • if the substance injected is caustic or alkali (ammonia, lye, bleach)
  • in animals that usually do not vomit
  • if the patient is comatose, seizing, in shock, or dyspneic (aspiration pneumonia)
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16
Q

Which animals don’t usually vomit

A
  • horses
  • rabbits
  • some rodents
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17
Q

what are the classes of emetic drugs

A
  • centrally-acting emetics
  • locally acting emetics
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18
Q

Describe centrally-acting emetics

A
  • Stimulate DOPAMINE receptors in the brain to induce vomiting
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19
Q

list the centrally acting emetics

A
  • apomorphine
  • xylazine
  • dexmedetomidine
  • hydromorphone
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20
Q

describe apomorphine

A
  • a centrally acting emetic
  • is the emetic of choice for dogs
  • rapid induction of vomiting (1-10 minutes)
  • available in both injectable and tablet form
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21
Q

Describe the effect of xylazine, dexmedetomadine, hydromorphone

A
  • used for sedation
  • emesis is the side effect
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22
Q

Describe locally-acting emetics

A
  • irritate the stomach lining or GIT to trigger vomiting
  • not always effective
  • added risk of gastric ulceration and aspiration pneumonia
  • not as safe as centrally-acting emetics
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23
Q

describe antiemetics

A
  • Never give PO
  • Used to control nausea and vomiting
  • treatment may be aimed at decreasing irritation or blocking the process centrally
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24
Q

What are the classes of antiemetics (5)

A
  • Phenothiazine derivatives
  • procainamide derivatives
  • antihistamines
  • Serotonin receptor antagonist
  • neurokinin receptor antagonists
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25
describe phenothiazine derivatives
- includes some tranquilizers - inhibits CRTZ and emetic center in the brain
26
lise the phenothiazine derivative drugs
- chlorpromazine (most common) - acepromazine
27
Describe procainamide derivatives
metoclopramide (reglan) - central and local effects - decreases stimulation of the trigger zone in the brain - increases lower esophageal muscle tone - relaxes the pyloric outflow trac of the stomach - increases motility of the duodenum and jejunum - extremely effective in the treatment of gastritis (nausea and vomiting) - frequently used as a constant rate infusion to treat ileus post intestinal sx - can be given in cats and dogs SQ, IV, PO
28
describe antihistamines
- block vestibular input to the chemoreceptor zone - control vomiting, especially caused by motion sickness - side effect: drowsiness
29
list the antihistamine drugs
- diphenhydrinate - diphenhydramine
30
describe serotonin receptor antagonists
ondansetron - potent antiemetic - blocks SEROTONIN in the chemoreceptor trigger zone and vagal nerve terminals - used in cases of intractable nausea - used for nausea accompanying chemotherapy treatments
31
describe neurokinin receptor antagonists
Maropitant citrate (cerenia) - blocks a key neurotransmitter involved in vomiting - used for acute vomiting, motion sickness, and with chemotherapy - Lasts 24 hours per dos,e no matter the ROA
32
Describe a gastric ulcer
- Erosion, sores, holes in the lining of the stomach - caused by: increased gastric activity, metabolic disease, stress, some drug therapies
33
list the classes of gastroprotectants
- H2 receptor antagonists - proton-pump inhibitors - gastromucosal protectants - prostoglandin E1 analogues
34
Describe H2 receptor antagonists
- decrease the formation of gastric liquid (HCl) in volume, acidity, and pepsin content - is a competitive antagonist for histamine at the H2 receptors on parietal cells - useful in treating ulcers, gastritis, and pancreatitis
35
list the H2 receptor antagonist drugs
- ranitidine (over the counter tablet) - famotidine (injectable)
36
describe proton pump inhibitors
- antiulcer agent - bind to the parietal cells of the stomach (prevents hydrogen ions from being pumped into the stomach) - very effective at decreasing the acidity of the stomach content
37
list the proton-pump inhibitor drugs
- omeprazole (tablet) - pantoprazole (IV)
38
describe gastromucosal protectants
- antinuclear agents - covers the stomach and GIT to protect from stomach acid - Forms a paste-like substance that binds with proteins in the surface of ulcerated areas to provide a protective barrier - Coats everything so prevents absorption of other drugs
39
list the gastromucosal protectant drug
sucralfate
40
describe prostoglandin E1 analogues
- directly inhibit parietal cells from secreting hydrogen ions into the stomach - increase stomach mucus and bicarbonate production (increases stomach pH)
41
list the prostoglandin E1 analogue drug
misoprostal
42
what are the different classes of gastrointestinal stimulants?
- GI stimulants - appetite stimulants
43
Describe GI stimulants
- increase GI motility - Avoid if: foreign body, neoplasia, intussusception
44
What drug is a GI stimulant
Metaclopramide (previously discussed as an antiemetic) - Increases motility of the upper GIT - sensitizes the cells to the effects of acetylcholine
45
list the apetite stimulant drugs
- benzodiazepenes - Cisapride - mirtazapine
46
describe benzodiazepenes
- appetite stimulant - used with anorexic patients that aren't eating - great in cats (not in dogs)
47
describe cisapride
- serotonergic prokinetic used for apetite stimulation in cats - no longer available in NA but can get it compounded
48
describe mirtazapine
- appetite stimulatn - triciclic compound with profound appetite stimulating effect - useful with most cats and dogs - administered orally once every 3 days
49
What is diarrhea
- Passage of losse stool with increased frequency - can be caused by hyper and hypomotility - can be caused by: inflammation, improper nutrition, viruses, parasites, digestive disorders, broad-spectrum antibiotics, diseases
50
List the antidiarrheal agents (6)
- synthetic narcotics - protectant compounds - adsorbent compounds - antimicrobial agent - immunosuppressants - supplements
51
The goal of antidarrheal treatment is:
- Normalized motility - reduce pain - allow absorption of nutrients and water - replace fluid losses
52
Describe synthetic narcotics
Lopremide - decrease the movement of gut contents - Inhibit secretions by the gut lining - Poorly penetrate the CNS - an opioid but not a good one - human grade decrease movement and secretion
53
describe protectent compounds
- antidiarrheal compounds - coat the lining of the intestines to decrease irritation - not safe in cats (therefore not popular)
54
list the antidiarrheal protectant agent drugs
- kaolin - bismuth salts
55
Describe adsorbent compounds
- Antidarrheal agent - adsorb various toxic compounds Activated charcoal
56
describe antimicrobial antidiarrheal agents
- given when bacteria is causing the diarrhea Metronidazole - treats: e. coli, anaerobes, clostiridium, campylobacter, giardia - has some antinflammatory effects in the large intestine
57
describe immunosupressants
- used when diarrhea is the result of inflammation or allergy, or disease (inflammatory bowl disease)
58
List the immunosupresant drugs
-azathioprine - corticosteroids (prednisone or prednisolone)
59
describe supplements
- used for diarrhea due to the inability to digest fats, carbs, or protein
60
describe Pancrelipase
- an antidiarrheal supplement that supplies digestive enzymes to patients with pancreatic insufficiency
61
define laxitive
- loosens bowel contents to encourage emptying
62
how may a laxitive work (4)
- Stimulate stretch receptors in the gut wall to increase peristaltic movement - bulk producing agents draw water into the colon to stimulate peristalsis - lubricate - Decrease surface tension, allowing water to penetrate directly into the GI content
63
Describe irritants and purgatives
- Causes marked increase in intestinal activity by irritating the GI wall - often uncomfortable Bisacodyl
64
What are rumen agents used to treat
- bloat - Lack of rumen activity - engorgement - indigestion
65
Describe a rumanistic drug
Neostigmine methylsulphate - used to stimulate a static rumen
66
Describe antifermentative agents
- used to control free gas (non-froth) bloat
67
Describe antifrothing agents
Dioctylsodium sulfosuccinate - used to control frothy (legume) bloat - reduces the production of foam - causes the breakup of the froth and allows the animal to belch - may lead to absorption - also acts as a laxative

Pharmacology (7 decks)

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