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Pharmacology > Autonomic nervous system drugs > Flashcards

Autonomic nervous system drugs Flashcards

1
Q

what are the two divisions of the NS?

A

CNS
PNS

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2
Q

what are the divisions of the PNS?

A

Somatic NS
Autonomic NS

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3
Q

describe the somatic NS (2)

A
  • transfers impulses from the CNS to the skeletal muscles
  • voluntary movements
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4
Q

describe the autonomic NS

A
  • conducts impulses from the viscera to the CNS
  • involuntary movement
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5
Q

what is the autonomic NS divided into

A
  • sympathetic
  • parasympathetic
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6
Q

briefly describe the sympathetic NS

A
  • adrenergic
  • fight or flight
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7
Q

what are the neurotransmitters of the sympathetic NS? (3)

A
  • noradrenaline
  • adrenaline
  • dopamine
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8
Q

briefly describe the parasympathetic NS

A
  • controls day-to-day function
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9
Q

what are the neurotransmitters of the parasympathetic NS? (1)

A

Acetylcholine

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10
Q

what can be controlled by the autonomic and somatic NS?

A

breathing

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11
Q

the axon carries impulses ____________ from the nerve cell

A

away

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12
Q

dendrites carry impulses ___________ the nerve cell

A

toward

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13
Q

how do nerve impulses travel from the axon to another structure?

A

by emitting neurotransmitters into the synaps

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14
Q

what are the 3 types of sympathetic receptors?

A
  • alpha 1 and 2 receptors
  • Beta 1 and 2 receptors
  • dopamine
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15
Q

describe alpha 1 and 2 receptors

A
  • are generally stimulatory EXCEPT the in the GIT
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16
Q

describe the beta 1 and 2 receptors

A
  • generally inhibitory EXCEPT in the heart
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17
Q

describe dopamine sympathetic receptors

A
  • noradrenaline and adrenaline are the neurotransmitters
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18
Q

what are the parasympathetic receptors? (2)

A
  • nicotinic
  • muscarinic
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19
Q

what is the parasympathetic neurotransmitter?

A
  • acetylcholine
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20
Q

what is the role of the ANS?

A

to influence neurotransmitters
- mimic neurotransmitters
- interfere with neurotransmitter release
- block neurotransmitter attachment to receptors
- interfere with the breakdown of the neurotransmitter at the synapse

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21
Q

describe adrenergic agents

A
  • sympathomimetic drug
  • produce activity at receptors where epinephrine or norepinephrine are the neurotransmitter
  • may be classified by stimulating alpha or beta receptors
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22
Q

What does adrenic agent stimulation of alpha receptors cause?

A
  • excitatory response
  • EXCEPT in the GIT
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23
Q

What does adrenergic agent stimulation of beta receptors cause?

A
  • inhibitory response
  • EXCEPT in the heart
24
Q

uses of adrenergic agents

A
  • mimic fight or flight
  • stimulate heartbeat during cardiac arrest
  • reversal of hypotension and bronchospasm associated with anaphylactic shock
  • stimulates vasoconstriction
  • treats urinary incontinence
  • decrease MM congestion in allergic conditions
25
describe an Alpha 1 receptor drug effect (3 examples)
- increase force of heart contraction - increase blood pressure - mydriasis (pupillary dilation)
26
describe an Alpha 1 receptor adrenergic blocking effect
- vasodilation - miosis
27
describe the Alpha 2 receptor drug effect
- inhibits the release of norepinephrine - dilates blood vessels - results in hypotension
28
describe an Alpha 2 receptor adrenergic blocking effect
none
29
describe Beta 2 receptor adrenergic blocking drug effect
- constricts bronchioles
30
describe a Beta 1 receptor adrenergic blocking effect
decreases heart rate
31
describe a Beta 2 receptor adrenergic drug effect
- dilates bronchioles - relaxes GIT
32
describe a Beta 1 receptor adrenergic effect
- increase HR - increases the force of heart contraction
33
list the adrenergic agent drugs (4)
- epinephrine - norepinephrine - dopamine - phenylpropanolamine
34
Epinephrine
Adrenergic agent - affects alpha and Beta 1 and 2 receptors - is a stimulating (increases heart force, rate, and oxygen consumption) - dilates coronary blood vessels, constricts peripheral and abdominal blood vessels - treats ANAPHYLACTIC SHOCK - treats cardiac arest in cats and dogs - administer IV, IT, or IC
35
Norepinephrine
Adrenergic agent - affects alpha 1 and 2 receptors - injectable - mainly used to increase BP - not as strong as epinephrine
36
Dopamine (drug)
Adrenergic agent - affects Beta 1 receptors. Precursor of epinephrine and norepinephrine - action is dose-dependent - treats: shock, congestive heart failure, increased renal perfusion
37
Phenylpropanolamine (PPA)
- affects alpha 1 and Beta 1 receptors - non-selective adrenergic drug - used to treat urinary incontinence in dogs (give BID PO)
38
describe antiadrenergic agents
- sympatholytic drugs - is used to interupt activity within the sympathetic NS - classified by receptor type (alpha or beta receptor or blocker)
39
what are the common uses of antiadrenergic agents?
- reversal agent - treat hypertension - treat glaucoma - decrease heart output and rate
40
Propranolol
- is a beta blocker - treats: cardiac arrhythmia, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (cat and dog), tachycardia (horses) - blocks beta receptors to control HR - use IV to treat chocolate toxicity (tachycardia and arrhythmias)
41
Phenoxybenzamine
- alpha adrenergic blocking agent - no effect on the parasympathetic system - decreases - decreases internal urethral and bladder sphincter tone (small animal) FLUTD - treats arterial spasm in acute laminitis in horses
42
Prazosin
adrenergic blocking agent - treats heart failure, hypertension, urethral obstruction, urinary retention post FLUTD post tx
43
Parasympathetic NS drugs function
- are cholinergic agents (parasympathomimetic drugs) - produce effects similar to the action of acetylcholine - can be direct acting or indirect acting
44
describe direct acting cholinergic agents
- affect parasympathetic ANS function - mimics acetylcholine resulting in an exaggerated activity of the neurotransmitter Pilocarpine Metoclopramide
45
describe indirect acting cholinergic agents
- affects parasympathetic ANS function - prevents the body's normal mechanisms from breaking down acetylcholine resulting in its prolonged action Neostigmine Organophosphate compounds
46
what do cholinergic agents treat?
- stimulate gastrointestinal tract activity - decrease the pressure of glaucoma - decrease vomiting - alleviate the retention of urine
47
list the direct-acting cholinergic drugs
- pilocarpine - metoclopramide
48
list the indirect-acting cholinergic agents
- Neostigmine - Organophosphate compounds
49
list the anticholinergic agents
- atropine - glycopyrrolate
50
Pilocarpine
- direct- acting cholinergic agent - topical use - treats glaucoma (in humans and large animals)
51
Metoclopramide
- decreases vomiting (promotes gastric emptying) - PO, IV, CRI - Direct-acting cholinergic
52
Neostigmine
- indirect-acting cholinergic agent - injectable - increase rumen, uterus, and bladder contraction in large animals - avoid overdosing
53
Organophosphate compounds
- indirect-acting cholinergic agents - treats external parasites - avoid overdosing (anticholinergic agents would be the antidote)
54
Anticholinergic Agents function
- blocks cholinergic agents (acetylcholine) at the PNS receptor sites
55
what are anticholinergic agents used to treat?
- pre-anesthetic agents (prevents bradycardia, decreases respiration and GIT) - vomiting and diarrhea (decreases GIT mobility) - dilates pupils - bradycardia - organophosphate
56
Atropine
- anticholinergic agent - antispasmodic - mydriatic (pupil dilation) - used as a pre-med for SX - decreases: salivation, respiration, gastric secretions, and GIT mobility - fast acting
57
glycopyrrolate
- Anticholinergic agent - longer acting than atropine - decreases salivation, respiratory tract secretions, volume and acidity of stomach acid - inhibits vagus nerve reflexes (slows HR) - used for anesthetic induction and intubation

Pharmacology (7 decks)

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