Unit one

Question 1

What creates ionic bonds?

Answer 1

Electrostatic attraction between anion and cation

Question 2

What creates covalent bonds?

Answer 2

Sharing electrons

Question 3

What is electronegativity?

Answer 3

Measure of an atom’s attraction for the bonding electron it shares with another atom

Question 4

What is the pauling scale trend?

Answer 4

Increases from left to right and bottom up

Question 5

What electronegativity creates a nonpolar covalent bond?

Answer 5

Electronegativity differnece of .5 or less

Question 6

What electronegativity creates a polar covalent bond?

Answer 6

Electronegativity difference of .5 to 1.9

Question 7

What electronegativity creates an ionic bond?

Answer 7

Electronegativity difference greater than 1.9

Question 8

What elements have the greatest polarity?

Answer 8

Top right corner

Question 9

What creates bond dipoles?

Answer 9

Covalently bonded atoms with different electronegativites

Question 10

What is the equaton for a dipole moment?

Answer 10

Charge times distance

Question 11

What are the expections to the octet rule?

Answer 11

Elements in the third row can have less than 8 electron

Question 12

What are the step for isomer generation?

Answer 12

Draw functional group, add needed atoms other than H, complete octet with H, then redo until there are no more variations possible

Question 13

What is the molecular geometry and bond angle of an atom with four regions of electron density

Answer 13

Tetrahedral with 109.5 degree angles

Question 14

What is the molecular geometry and bond angle of an atom with three regions of electron density

Answer 14

Trigonal pyramidal with 120 degree angles

Question 15

What is the molecular geometry and bond angle of an atom with two regions of electron density

Answer 15

linear with 180 degree angles

Question 16

What are the four things to finding the best resonance structure

Answer 16

most filled valence shells, most covalent bonds, how many bonds separate charges, and optimal charge distribution (- charges on high EN atoms and + charges and low EN atoms)

Question 17

What are the rule of the molecular orbital theory

Answer 17

Number of atomic orbitals is equal to the number of molecular orbitals, molecular orbitals are arragned in order of increasing energy, and molecular orbitals are filled from lowest to highest energy

Question 18

What is a sigma bond

Answer 18

Electron density lies between the nuclei and is made from single bonds and a direct overlap of orbitals

Question 19

What is a pi bond

Answer 19

Electrons have higher energy than sigma bond electrons and are easily removed, result in repulsion of nuclei, and are made from double and triple bonds and parallel overlap of orbitals

Question 20

What are antibonding molecular orbitals

Answer 20

electrons have higher energy and there is no electron density

Question 21

What does bond length depend on

Answer 21

Valence shells (smaller shells (down), shorter bond
# of bonds (more bonds, shorter length)
Hybridization (more s chararacter, shorter bond)
EN (more EN, shorter bond)

Question 22

How do you tell if acid are more stable through charge?

Answer 22

If - and + charge are close, increase in stability but if like charges are close together, less stable

Question 23

What are the 5 things to look at when determining if an acid is stronger?

Answer 23

Row periodicity (EN more to right, better) 
Hybridization (more s character, better)
Column periodicity (acidity more down, better)
Induction (atoms drawing charge towards itself) 
Resonance (more structures, better)

Question 24

What is the lewis acid and base versus a bronsted acid and base

Answer 24

lewis acid accepts electrons while base donates. Bronsted acid donates H+ while base accepts H+

Question 25

How do you order things in terms of kPa

Answer 25

look at acidity of individual atoms, higher acidity means lower kPa because they have more stable conjugate bases

Question 26

How do you find the best site of protonation?

Answer 26

Lowest hybridization point

Question 27

What is protonation

Answer 27

Adding of a proton (H+)