Unit 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 parts to naming a compound

A
  1. Stereoisomer: cis/trans
  2. Substituents: groups connected to the main chain
  3. Parent chain
  4. Unsaturation: double/triple bonds
  5. Functional Group: group after which the compound is named
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2
Q

What is the suffix used for carboxylic acid

A

-oic acid

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3
Q

What is the suffix used for ester linkages

A

-oate

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4
Q

What is the suffix used for aldehydes

A

-al

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5
Q

What is the suffix used for ketones

A

-one

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6
Q

What is the suffix used for alcohols

A

-ol

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7
Q

What is the suffix used for amines

A

-amine

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8
Q

What is the functional group hierarchy

A

carboxylic acid, ester, aldehyde, ketone, alcohol, and amine

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9
Q

How do you name a compound with multiple functional groups

A

the higher priority one is the suffix while the other goes in the prefix

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10
Q

What does it mean for a compound to be unsaturated

A

It is not bound to four other atoms but has double/triple bonds

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11
Q

How is the presence of double/triple bonds indicated in naming

A

“en” for double bonds and “yn” for triple bonds

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12
Q

What is the name for one carbon

A

meth

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13
Q

What is the name for two carbons

A

eth

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14
Q

What is the name for three carbons

A

prop

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15
Q

What is the name for four carbons

A

but

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16
Q

What is the name for five carbons

A

pent

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17
Q

What is the name for six carbons

A

hex

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18
Q

What is the name for seven carbons

A

hept

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19
Q

What is the name for eight carbons

A

oct

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20
Q

What is the name for nine carbons

A

non

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21
Q

What is the name for ten carbons

A

dec

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22
Q

What is the order for finding the longest carbon chain

A

functional group, double bond, triple bond, substituent

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23
Q

What are the prefixes used for multiple substitutional groups

A

2: di
3: tri
4: tetra
5: penta
6: hexa

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24
Q

What does cis mean

A

identical groups are on the same side

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25
Q

What does trans mean

A

identical groups are on opposite sides

26
Q

What are the types of staggered conformations and how do you tell them apart

A

Anti and gauche. Anti is when the two main groups are directly opposite of each other and if it’s not anti then its gauche

27
Q

When is an eclipsed conformation most unstable

A

When the tow biggest groups are closest to each other

28
Q

When is a staggered conformation most stable

A

When in an anti conformation

29
Q

What is torsional strain

A

created when there is a deviation from staggered conformation

30
Q

What is angle strain

A

when carbons do not have the ideal angle bond causing an increase in potential energy

31
Q

What is nonbonded or steric strain

A

when nonbonded atoms separated by four or more bonds are forced closer together so that they smash into each other

32
Q

When are chair conformations most stable

A

When groups are able to be equatorial or when the largest groups can be equatorial

33
Q

When do 1, 3 diaxial interactions occur

A

When there is a substituent group other than H that is axial. It will create this interaction with other Hs though

34
Q

What could possibly create other gauche interactions on chair conformations

A

Methane on adjacent carbons

35
Q

What are isomers

A

molecules with the same molecular formulas but different bonds

36
Q

What are stereoisomers and what are the two types

A

molecules that have the same molecular formula and bonds but different spatial arrangment. Enantiomers are mirror images of each other while diastereomers are not mirror images

37
Q

what does it mean to be chiral

A

mirror images are not superimposable and show handedness

38
Q

What does superimposable mean

A

indentical and can lay on top of each other

39
Q

What does it mean to be achiral

A

mirror images are superimposable and do not show handedness

40
Q

What is a plane of symmetry

A

exact middle through an object creating a mirror image of the other half

41
Q

What is the center of symmetry

A

the intersection created by drawing straight lines between like groups

42
Q

What is a stereocenter

A

an tetrahedral atoms that is bonded to four different groups. AKA chiral center

43
Q

What is the priority rule of chiral centers

A

priority is given to the bonded atoms that have the higher atomic number

44
Q

How do you name enantiomers

A
  1. find chiral center
  2. prioritize the substituents
  3. Draw arc from highest to lowest priority
  4. Make sure that lowest priority substituent is away from you
  5. If CW then R if CCW then S
45
Q

What is the shortcut to tell if there is a chiral center

A

If the molecule is symmetrical then it does not have a chiral center

46
Q

For a molecule that has n stereocenters, a maximum of ___ stereoisomers is possible

A

2^n

47
Q

What are meso compounds

A

an achiral compound with 2+ chiral centers

48
Q

How do you make a fisher projection

A

Chiral centers becomes the center, the up groups are on the horizontal and the down groups are vertical

49
Q

What are Alkanes

A

series of saturated hydrocarbons

50
Q

What is the use of BP with Alkanes

A

BP is indicative of the strength of intermolecular forces

51
Q

The more ____ a species, the stronger the molecular forces

A

charged

52
Q

What are the two limiting cases of london dispersion forces

A

If the shapes are the same, forces increase as size does. If the number of carbons are the same,then forces decrease as branches increase

53
Q

What do london dispersion forces depend on in Alkanes

A

More contact, stronger forces

54
Q

Enantiomers have ______ physical and chemical properties in an achiral environment except for what

A

identical except for rotation of polarized light

55
Q

Distereomers have ____ physical and chemical properties

A

different

56
Q

What causes enantiomer to become diastereomers

A

when put in a chiral (living) environment

57
Q

Dextrorotary

A

rotation to the right (+) (d isomer)

58
Q

levorotatory

A

rotation to the left (-) (I isomer)

59
Q

Racemic mixture

A

50/50 mixture of + and - isomers; will not have rotation as it is not optically active

60
Q

Enantiomeric excess

A

excess of one enantiomer over a recemic mixture