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Nursing Fundamentals > Unit IV > Flashcards

Unit IV Flashcards

1
Q

quality improvement

A

joint commision as a continuous study and improvement of the process of providing health care services to meet the need of the client and others

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2
Q

quality assurance

A
  • planned and systematic activities that are implemented in a quality system so that quality requirements (standars if nursing care) are fulfilled
  • things that we do
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3
Q

environment

A
  • all of the many physical and psychosocial factors that influence or affect the life and survival of the client
  • home
  • community
  • clinic
  • hospital
  • long-term facility
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4
Q

physiological characteristics

A
  • endocrine system

- nervous system

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5
Q

psychologic characteristics

A
  • self-concept
  • power and control
  • trust
  • growth and development
  • self-expression
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6
Q

external environment

A
  • chemical agents
  • infectious agents
  • pollutants
  • stimuli
  • physical objects
  • temperature
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7
Q

chemical agents

A
  • outdated medications
  • fumes
  • gasses
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8
Q

infectious agents

A
  • germs
  • pathogens
  • parasites
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9
Q

pollutants

A
  • factories

- car exhaust

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10
Q

stimuli

A
  • natural disasters
  • hurricanes
  • blizzards
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11
Q

physical objects

A
  • clutter in the hallways
  • clutter in the house
  • cracked sidewalks
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12
Q

temperature

A
  • extreme heat

- extreme cold

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13
Q

safe environment

A
  • all basic needs are met
  • food
  • shelter
  • oxygen
  • elimination
  • water
  • hazards are reduced
  • transmission of illness is reduced
  • cleanliness is maintained
  • people are assisted to function at their optimal level
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14
Q

factors the nurse should consider to provide a caring and safe environment

A
  • there must be a complete picture of client, including physiological, psychological, and environmental to guide in providing care and protecting from injury
  • prioritize from probable threats to possible threats
  • use experience to recognize risks and take corrective action
  • view all situations as opportunities to protect the client
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15
Q

basic human needs

A
  • oxygen
  • nutrition
  • temperature
  • humidity
  • shelter
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16
Q

nutrition

A
  • preparation of food

- food storage

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17
Q

temperature

A

comfortable between 65-75 degrees

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18
Q

humidity

A

aids in breathing

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19
Q

shelter

A

protects from heat and cold

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20
Q

restraints

A

-anything used to immobilize a client or extremely and restrain the level of a person’s activity

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21
Q

types of restraints

A
  • leather
  • soft/fabric
  • locked doors
  • geri chair with tray on and locked
  • side rails
  • medications given for purpose of restraint, not a part of patient’s routine care
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22
Q

risks with restraint use

A
  • asphyxiation
  • falls
  • cut off circulation
  • myocardial infarction (MI)
  • death
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23
Q

psychological effect with restraints

A
  • anger
  • humiliation
  • depressed embarrrasment
  • self-concept
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24
Q

alternatives to restraints

A
  • have someone stay with client
  • explain procedures, equipment
  • assign confused clients to room nearer nurse’s station
  • provide appropriate stimuli
  • dim lights
  • looking at pictures
  • use relaxation techniques
  • use diversional activities
  • verbal de-escalation
  • always want to have the least restrictive method
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25
nursing documentation
1. rationale for use (#1) 2. less restrictive measured tried 3. when release/breaks are offered 4. notification of physician
26
falls
- adequate lighting - decrease obstacles - control bathroom hazards
27
hypothermia
- body temperature of 95 or below | - all body processes slow
28
hyperthermia
- body temperature over 105 degrees - heat stroke - heat exhaustion
29
chemical
- old medications - too much or too little of prescription medications - toxins in food/water - cleaning supplies - pollutants in air
30
electrical
- cover all switches - keep bulbs in sockets - use only UL approved extension cords - do not overload or double up cords
31
radiation
- when used diagnostically or as treatment, follow proper procedure - nuclear radiation accidents are a risk for all
32
microbial
- bacteria | - viruses
33
fire
- can start from smoking materials, grease, faulty wiring, microwaves - know your responsibility in a fire
34
R.A.C.E.
R=rescue A=alarm C=contain/confine E=extinguish AND evacuate
35
R=
rescue
36
A=
alarm
37
C=
contain/confine
38
E=
extinguish AND evacuate
39
homeostasis
self-regulation processes and negative feedback systems which work together to produce compensatory and anticipatory adjustments in maintaining the constancy of the internal environment ex.body fluids
40
body's defense mechanisms
- Normal Flora - Staphylococcus aureus (Staph) - Yeasts - Escherichia coli (E. coli) - needed to maintain normal health - doesn't cause disease
41
body defenses
- skin - mouth - respiratory tract - urinary tract - gastrointestinal tract - vagina
42
skin
multi-layer surface
43
mouth
- saliva | - tonsils
44
respiratory tract
mucosa
45
urinary tract
urine flushes
46
gastrointestinal tract
acidity of gastric secretions
47
vagina
secretions
48
inflammation
- body's cellular response to injury or infection - protects the body - provides nutrients and fluid - eliminates pathogens from system
49
immune response
- normal, adaptive response that protects the body from destruction by foreign materials and invasion of microbial agents - recognizes self from non-self and destroys the non-self. after initial contact with a pathogen, the body recognizes it in future encounters and destroys it
50
infection
invasion of a susceptible host by pathogens or microorganisms, resulting in disease
51
agent
any biological, chemical, physical, mechanical or psychosocial mechanism which has the potential for creating illness
52
host
individual who is susceptible to the forces of an agent
53
infectious agent
microorganisms that may cause illness
54
reservoir
where microorganisms can survive, multiply and await transfer. may be human, animal, insect, food, water, organic matter
55
portal of exit
the way out of the reservoir. skin, mucous membranes, GI tract, respiratory tract, reproductive tract, blood, urinary tract
56
mode of transmission
- how microorganism gets from reservoir to new host 1. contact 2. air 3. vehicles 4. vector
57
portal of entry
to new host. same as portals of exit. any body opening that is not protected
58
susceptible host
person who does not have adequate degree of resistance * age * nutritional state * presence of chronic disease * trauma * smoking
59
artificial
- getting the disease and being immune to it | - vaccines
60
localized
- most often in skin, mucous membranes * wounds * pressure ulcers * mouth lesions * abscesses
61
symptoms of infection
1. redness 2. swelling 3. drainage 4. pain, tenderness 5. heat (fever)
62
systemic infection
- affects the entire body 1. fever 2. fatigue, malise 3. enlarged lymph nodes with tenderness 4. may cause nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite - can be fatal - hard to treat
63
preexposure stage
factors present leading to problem development
64
preclinical stage
- exposure to causative agent, no symptoms present | - most infectious stage
65
clinical stage
symptoms present
66
resolution stage
problem resolved returned to health or chronic state or death
67
normal WBC values
5000-1000/mm3
68
susceptibility to infection
- age - heredity - stress - inadequate defenses - environmental factors - immunization/disease history - cultural practices
69
age
- elderly - children - infants
70
heredity
genetic makeup
71
stress
resistance to disease is lower
72
inadequate defenses
break/tear tissue
73
environmental factors
- nutrition | - food storage
74
infection control
requires you to have the knowledge and skills necessary to practice all of your nursing activities in a safe manner
75
establish habits
- going about all of your work - you will use consistently, without even thinking - help you keep you and your clients free from unnecessary exposure to infection
76
remember
failure to adhere to good practices of medical and surgical asepsis can always result in infection
77
always remember
handwashing is the most single most important activity in controlling the spread of infection
78
medical asepsis
- measures taken to control and reduce the number of pathogenic organisms present - clean technique - barrier techniques - disinfection
79
disinfection
killing or destroying MOST disease-producing microorganisms on inanimate objects
80
surgical asepsis
- object must be free of all organisms - sterile technique - sterilization - sterile field
81
sterilization
destroying ALL forms of microbial life
82
tier one
- blood - body fluids - secretions - excretions - non-intact skin - mucous membranes
83
hand washing
- between clients - after client - contaminated articles - when gloves are removed
84
gloves
- blood - body fluids - excretions - secretions - non-intact skin - mucous membranes - wear them only once, then discard - WASH HANDS before donning next pair
85
masks, protective eyewear, face shields
- splashing or spraying blood or body fluid - anytime you care for a patient with respiratory infection - you have a URI
86
client care equipment
- must be properly cleaned and reprocessed | - single use items are discarded
87
gowns
- primarily used to prevent getting clothing contaminated by blood or body fluids - WASH HANDS AFTER REMOVING
88
contaminated linen
- in leak-proof bag | - private room unnecessary
89
all sharps
- discarded in puncture resistance containers | - private room unnecessary
90
tier 2
- airborne precautions - droplet precautions - contact precautions - protective equipment
91
airborne precautions
- droplet nuclei - TB - measles - chicken pox
92
droplet precautions
- diphtheria - rubella - pneumonia
93
contact precautions
- direct patient - environmental contact - MRSA
94
protective equipment
stem cell
95
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
- sets rules and regulations - monitors exposure control plans - monitors compliance with standard precautions - offers training for employees
96
infection control committee
- assures compliance with government agencies - sets local policy/procedure - notifies appropriate officials in case of illness outbreak - consults with others - education
97
epidemiologist
- studies distribution and causes of disease - gathers statistics - report diseases
98
registered and practical nurse
- prevention and treatment practices - teach patients and families about infection control - report occurrences of infection to next person in change of command
99
health care-associated infection
- infections that are neither present nor incubating until after admission to a health care facility - results from delivery of health services
100
iatrogenic
- caused by diagnostic or therapeutic procedure - poor asepsis a common cause - WASH HANDS
101
exogenous
from microorganisms that do not exist as normal flora | ex.salmonella
102
endogenous
normal flora gone amok ex. - Yeasts - E. coli
103
incasive procedures
- catheter placement | - IV placement
104
antibiotic treatment
- multiple antibiotic treatment | - long term antibiotic treatment

Nursing Fundamentals (6 decks)

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