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Nursing Fundamentals > Unit IV > Flashcards

Unit IV Flashcards

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1
Q

quality improvement

A

joint commision as a continuous study and improvement of the process of providing health care services to meet the need of the client and others

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2
Q

quality assurance

A
  • planned and systematic activities that are implemented in a quality system so that quality requirements (standars if nursing care) are fulfilled
  • things that we do
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3
Q

environment

A
  • all of the many physical and psychosocial factors that influence or affect the life and survival of the client
  • home
  • community
  • clinic
  • hospital
  • long-term facility
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4
Q

physiological characteristics

A
  • endocrine system

- nervous system

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5
Q

psychologic characteristics

A
  • self-concept
  • power and control
  • trust
  • growth and development
  • self-expression
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6
Q

external environment

A
  • chemical agents
  • infectious agents
  • pollutants
  • stimuli
  • physical objects
  • temperature
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7
Q

chemical agents

A
  • outdated medications
  • fumes
  • gasses
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8
Q

infectious agents

A
  • germs
  • pathogens
  • parasites
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9
Q

pollutants

A
  • factories

- car exhaust

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10
Q

stimuli

A
  • natural disasters
  • hurricanes
  • blizzards
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11
Q

physical objects

A
  • clutter in the hallways
  • clutter in the house
  • cracked sidewalks
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12
Q

temperature

A
  • extreme heat

- extreme cold

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13
Q

safe environment

A
  • all basic needs are met
  • food
  • shelter
  • oxygen
  • elimination
  • water
  • hazards are reduced
  • transmission of illness is reduced
  • cleanliness is maintained
  • people are assisted to function at their optimal level
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14
Q

factors the nurse should consider to provide a caring and safe environment

A
  • there must be a complete picture of client, including physiological, psychological, and environmental to guide in providing care and protecting from injury
  • prioritize from probable threats to possible threats
  • use experience to recognize risks and take corrective action
  • view all situations as opportunities to protect the client
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15
Q

basic human needs

A
  • oxygen
  • nutrition
  • temperature
  • humidity
  • shelter
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16
Q

nutrition

A
  • preparation of food

- food storage

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17
Q

temperature

A

comfortable between 65-75 degrees

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18
Q

humidity

A

aids in breathing

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19
Q

shelter

A

protects from heat and cold

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20
Q

restraints

A

-anything used to immobilize a client or extremely and restrain the level of a person’s activity

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21
Q

types of restraints

A
  • leather
  • soft/fabric
  • locked doors
  • geri chair with tray on and locked
  • side rails
  • medications given for purpose of restraint, not a part of patient’s routine care
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22
Q

risks with restraint use

A
  • asphyxiation
  • falls
  • cut off circulation
  • myocardial infarction (MI)
  • death
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23
Q

psychological effect with restraints

A
  • anger
  • humiliation
  • depressed embarrrasment
  • self-concept
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24
Q

alternatives to restraints

A
  • have someone stay with client
  • explain procedures, equipment
  • assign confused clients to room nearer nurse’s station
  • provide appropriate stimuli
  • dim lights
  • looking at pictures
  • use relaxation techniques
  • use diversional activities
  • verbal de-escalation
  • always want to have the least restrictive method
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25
Q

nursing documentation

A
  1. rationale for use (#1)
  2. less restrictive measured tried
  3. when release/breaks are offered
  4. notification of physician
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26
Q

falls

A
  • adequate lighting
  • decrease obstacles
  • control bathroom hazards
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27
Q

hypothermia

A
  • body temperature of 95 or below

- all body processes slow

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28
Q

hyperthermia

A
  • body temperature over 105 degrees
  • heat stroke
  • heat exhaustion
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29
Q

chemical

A
  • old medications
  • too much or too little of prescription medications
  • toxins in food/water
  • cleaning supplies
  • pollutants in air
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30
Q

electrical

A
  • cover all switches
  • keep bulbs in sockets
  • use only UL approved extension cords
  • do not overload or double up cords
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31
Q

radiation

A
  • when used diagnostically or as treatment, follow proper procedure
  • nuclear radiation accidents are a risk for all
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32
Q

microbial

A
  • bacteria

- viruses

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33
Q

fire

A
  • can start from smoking materials, grease, faulty wiring, microwaves
  • know your responsibility in a fire
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34
Q

R.A.C.E.

A

R=rescue
A=alarm
C=contain/confine
E=extinguish AND evacuate

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35
Q

R=

A

rescue

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36
Q

A=

A

alarm

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37
Q

C=

A

contain/confine

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38
Q

E=

A

extinguish AND evacuate

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39
Q

homeostasis

A

self-regulation processes and negative feedback systems which work together to produce compensatory and anticipatory adjustments in maintaining the constancy of the internal environment
ex.body fluids

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40
Q

body’s defense mechanisms

A
  • Normal Flora
  • Staphylococcus aureus (Staph)
  • Yeasts
  • Escherichia coli (E. coli)
  • needed to maintain normal health
  • doesn’t cause disease
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41
Q

body defenses

A
  • skin
  • mouth
  • respiratory tract
  • urinary tract
  • gastrointestinal tract
  • vagina
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42
Q

skin

A

multi-layer surface

43
Q

mouth

A
  • saliva

- tonsils

44
Q

respiratory tract

A

mucosa

45
Q

urinary tract

A

urine flushes

46
Q

gastrointestinal tract

A

acidity of gastric secretions

47
Q

vagina

A

secretions

48
Q

inflammation

A
  • body’s cellular response to injury or infection
  • protects the body
  • provides nutrients and fluid
  • eliminates pathogens from system
49
Q

immune response

A
  • normal, adaptive response that protects the body from destruction by foreign materials and invasion of microbial agents
  • recognizes self from non-self and destroys the non-self. after initial contact with a pathogen, the body recognizes it in future encounters and destroys it
50
Q

infection

A

invasion of a susceptible host by pathogens or microorganisms, resulting in disease

51
Q

agent

A

any biological, chemical, physical, mechanical or psychosocial mechanism which has the potential for creating illness

52
Q

host

A

individual who is susceptible to the forces of an agent

53
Q

infectious agent

A

microorganisms that may cause illness

54
Q

reservoir

A

where microorganisms can survive, multiply and await transfer. may be human, animal, insect, food, water, organic matter

55
Q

portal of exit

A

the way out of the reservoir. skin, mucous membranes, GI tract, respiratory tract, reproductive tract, blood, urinary tract

56
Q

mode of transmission

A
  • how microorganism gets from reservoir to new host
    1. contact
    2. air
    3. vehicles
    4. vector
57
Q

portal of entry

A

to new host. same as portals of exit. any body opening that is not protected

58
Q

susceptible host

A

person who does not have adequate degree of resistance

  • age
  • nutritional state
  • presence of chronic disease
  • trauma
  • smoking
59
Q

artificial

A
  • getting the disease and being immune to it

- vaccines

60
Q

localized

A
  • most often in skin, mucous membranes
  • wounds
  • pressure ulcers
  • mouth lesions
  • abscesses
61
Q

symptoms of infection

A
  1. redness
  2. swelling
  3. drainage
  4. pain, tenderness
  5. heat (fever)
62
Q

systemic infection

A
  • affects the entire body
    1. fever
    2. fatigue, malise
    3. enlarged lymph nodes with tenderness
    4. may cause nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite
  • can be fatal
  • hard to treat
63
Q

preexposure stage

A

factors present leading to problem development

64
Q

preclinical stage

A
  • exposure to causative agent, no symptoms present

- most infectious stage

65
Q

clinical stage

A

symptoms present

66
Q

resolution stage

A

problem resolved returned to health or chronic state or death

67
Q

normal WBC values

A

5000-1000/mm3

68
Q

susceptibility to infection

A
  • age
  • heredity
  • stress
  • inadequate defenses
  • environmental factors
  • immunization/disease history
  • cultural practices
69
Q

age

A
  • elderly
  • children
  • infants
70
Q

heredity

A

genetic makeup

71
Q

stress

A

resistance to disease is lower

72
Q

inadequate defenses

A

break/tear tissue

73
Q

environmental factors

A
  • nutrition

- food storage

74
Q

infection control

A

requires you to have the knowledge and skills necessary to practice all of your nursing activities in a safe manner

75
Q

establish habits

A
  • going about all of your work
  • you will use consistently, without even thinking
  • help you keep you and your clients free from unnecessary exposure to infection
76
Q

remember

A

failure to adhere to good practices of medical and surgical asepsis can always result in infection

77
Q

always remember

A

handwashing is the most single most important activity in controlling the spread of infection

78
Q

medical asepsis

A
  • measures taken to control and reduce the number of pathogenic organisms present
  • clean technique
  • barrier techniques
  • disinfection
79
Q

disinfection

A

killing or destroying MOST disease-producing microorganisms on inanimate objects

80
Q

surgical asepsis

A
  • object must be free of all organisms
  • sterile technique
  • sterilization
  • sterile field
81
Q

sterilization

A

destroying ALL forms of microbial life

82
Q

tier one

A
  • blood
  • body fluids
  • secretions
  • excretions
  • non-intact skin
  • mucous membranes
83
Q

hand washing

A
  • between clients
  • after client
  • contaminated articles
  • when gloves are removed
84
Q

gloves

A
  • blood
  • body fluids
  • excretions
  • secretions
  • non-intact skin
  • mucous membranes
  • wear them only once, then discard
  • WASH HANDS before donning next pair
85
Q

masks, protective eyewear, face shields

A
  • splashing or spraying blood or body fluid
  • anytime you care for a patient with respiratory infection
  • you have a URI
86
Q

client care equipment

A
  • must be properly cleaned and reprocessed

- single use items are discarded

87
Q

gowns

A
  • primarily used to prevent getting clothing contaminated by blood or body fluids
  • WASH HANDS AFTER REMOVING
88
Q

contaminated linen

A
  • in leak-proof bag

- private room unnecessary

89
Q

all sharps

A
  • discarded in puncture resistance containers

- private room unnecessary

90
Q

tier 2

A
  • airborne precautions
  • droplet precautions
  • contact precautions
  • protective equipment
91
Q

airborne precautions

A
  • droplet nuclei
  • TB
  • measles
  • chicken pox
92
Q

droplet precautions

A
  • diphtheria
  • rubella
  • pneumonia
93
Q

contact precautions

A
  • direct patient
  • environmental contact
  • MRSA
94
Q

protective equipment

A

stem cell

95
Q

Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)

A
  • sets rules and regulations
  • monitors exposure control plans
  • monitors compliance with standard precautions
  • offers training for employees
96
Q

infection control committee

A
  • assures compliance with government agencies
  • sets local policy/procedure
  • notifies appropriate officials in case of illness outbreak
  • consults with others
  • education
97
Q

epidemiologist

A
  • studies distribution and causes of disease
  • gathers statistics
  • report diseases
98
Q

registered and practical nurse

A
  • prevention and treatment practices
  • teach patients and families about infection control
  • report occurrences of infection to next person in change of command
99
Q

health care-associated infection

A
  • infections that are neither present nor incubating until after admission to a health care facility
  • results from delivery of health services
100
Q

iatrogenic

A
  • caused by diagnostic or therapeutic procedure
  • poor asepsis a common cause
  • WASH HANDS
101
Q

exogenous

A

from microorganisms that do not exist as normal flora

ex.salmonella

102
Q

endogenous

A

normal flora gone amok

ex.
- Yeasts
- E. coli

103
Q

incasive procedures

A
  • catheter placement

- IV placement

104
Q

antibiotic treatment

A
  • multiple antibiotic treatment

- long term antibiotic treatment

Nursing Fundamentals (6 decks)

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