Unit IV

Question 1

LOGOS

Answer 1

logic and reasoning (using scientific data or facts to support your view)

Question 2

ETHOS

Answer 2

character and ethics (telling your audience your credibility, profession, or background and using appropriate vocabulary)

Question 3

PATHOS

Answer 3

emotion (using vivid descriptions to activate your audience’s emotions)

Question 4

Fact

Answer 4

describes reality objectively

Question 5

Value

Answer 5

makes a value judgment (core values)

Question 6

Policy

Answer 6

advocates that audience should follow a specific course of action or plan

Question 7

Claim

Answer 7

a statement that the speaker or writer hopes to prove to the audience

Question 8

Grounds

Answer 8

argument by generalization (a statement that says there is support available to provide reason for a claim)

Question 9

Warrant

Answer 9

argument by cause (a general statement that justifies using the grounds as a basis for the claim)

Question 10

Backing

Answer 10

argument by sign (any support, specific instances, statistics, testimony, values, or credibility that provides more specific data for the grounds or warrant)

Question 11

Qualifier

Answer 11

argument by analogy (a statement that indicates the force of the argument, words such as certainly, probably, mostly, usually, and always)

Question 12

Reservation

Answer 12

argument by analysis (a statement of the conditions under which the claim would not apply)

Question 13

Hasty Generalization

Answer 13

a fallacy in which jumps to a general conclusion on the basis of insufficient evidence

Question 14

The False Cause

Answer 14

a fallacy in which a speaker mistakenly assumes that because one event follows another, the first even is the cause of the second event

Question 15

Invalid Analogy

Answer 15

an analogy in which the two cases being compared are not essentially alike

Question 16

The Bandwagon Fallacy

Answer 16

a fallacy which assumes that because something is popular, it is therefore good, correct or desirable

Question 17

Red Herring

Answer 17

a fallacy that introduces an irrelevant issue to divert attention from the subject under discussion

Question 18

Ad Hominem

Answer 18

a fallacy that attacks the person rather than dealing with the real issue in dispute

Question 19

Either-Or Fallacy

Answer 19

a fallacy that forces listeners to choose between two alternatives when more than two alternatives exist

Question 20

Slippery Slope

Answer 20

a fallacy which assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented

Question 21

Appeal to Tradition

Answer 21

a fallacy which assumes that something old is automatically better than something new