Unit II Part II Flashcards
How are polymers built?
Dehydration synthesis
Dehydration synthesis
Monomers bond to form polymers; water is released
How are polymers broken down?
Hydrolysis
Hydrolysis
Water is added causing polymers to break down into its monomers
Monomer
A molecule that can bond with other monomers to form a polymer
Polymer
A macromolecule comprised of many small repeating subunit, or function groups
How many valence electrons does carbon have?
4
How many bonds can carbon make?
4 covalent bonds
What is a hydrocarbon?
Molecules containing only carbon and hydrogen
What are properties of hydrocarbons?
Hydrophobic and non polar
What is a function group?
Components of organic molecules involved in chemical reactions
Organic compound
Compounds containing carbon
O || - O- P- O(-) | O
Phosphate group
-OH
Hydroxyl group
H / - N \ H
Amino group
O // -C \ OH
Carboxyl group
What do all macromolecules have in common?
All contain H, C, and O, and covalent bonds
Why is carbon important to living organisms?
It’s ability to bond with many types of elements allows it to form large and complex macromolecules
What elements are in carbohydrates?
C, H, O
What is an example of a carbohydrate?
Glucose
What types of elements are in lipids?
C, H, and O
What is an example of a lipid?
A triglyceride
What elements are in proteins?
C, H, O, N, S
What is an example of a protein?
Antibodies and enzymes
What elements are in nucleic acids?
C, H, N, O, P, S
What is an example of a nucleic acid?
DNA and RNA
What is the function of Amylose and what type of organism uses it?
Stores energy, plants
What is the function of glycogen
Stores energy in animals
What is the function of cellulose?
Forms cell walls in plants
What is the function of chitin?
Forms external skeletons in some animals
What does R stand for in a molecular diagram
Variable
What is deoxyribonucleic acid?
DNA
What is a disaccharide?
A small carbohydrates such as sucrose that consist of two monosaccharides
What is a double helix
The normal shape of a DNA molecule in which two chains of nucleotides are intertwined
What are essential amino acids
Amino acids that the human body needs but cannot make and must consume in food
What are essential fatty acid’s?
Fatty acids the human body needs that cannot make and must consume in foods
What is a function group
A small group of elements of the organic compound that determine the nature and function of the organic compound
What is a fatty acid?
Organic compounds found in lipids that has the general formula CH3(CH2)COOH
What is a monosaccharide
Small carbohydrates such as glucose with the general formula (CH2O)n
What is a nucleic acid
Type of organic compound that consists of smaller units called nucleotides
What is a nucleotide
small organic molecule that is the building block of nucleic acid
What is a peptide?
Short chain of amino acids
What is a phospholipid
Type of lipid that is a major component in cell membranes
What is a polysaccharide
A large carbohydrate they consist of more than two monosaccharides
What is DNA
Double-stranded nucleic acid that consist of genetic instructions for proteins
Is RNA?
Single-stranded nucleic acid that uses information contained in DNA to assemble amino acids and make proteins
What is a saturated fatty acid?
A type of fatty acid which all the carbon atoms are bonded to as many hydrogen Atoms as possible
What is a simple sugar
Monosaccharides or disaccharides
What is a steroid
A type of lipid that performs several functions such as forming cell membranes and acting as sex hormones
What is a triglyceride
Type of lipid that is the main form of stored energy in animals
What is an unsaturated fatty acid
A type of fatty acid in which some carbon atoms are not bonded to as many hydrogen atoms as possible
Finish the equation
Monosaccharide + monosaccharide =
Disaccharide + H2O
What is the reaction that takes place between two smaller biological molecules to form one larger biological molecule?
Dehydration synthesis
What monomers make up sucrose?
Glucose + fructose
What monomers make up lactose?
Galactose + glucose
What two monomers make up maltose?
Glucose + glucose
What are the two functions of carbohydrates?
Producing and storing energy and structural support
What is the element ratio of monosaccharides?
1:2:1
C:H:O
What are the monomers of carbohydrates?
Monosaccharides
What are another name for monosaccharides?
Simple sugars
What shape is fructose’s structure?
Pentagon
What shape is glucose’s structure?
Hexagon
What shape is galactose’s structure?
Hexagon
When are polysaccharides formed?
When three of more monomers (monosaccharides) bond together
When are disaccharides formed?
When two monomers (monosaccharides) bond
What bonds are present in carbohydrates?
Glycosidic linkage
What type of bond is glycosidic linkage?
Covalent bond
What is the function of glycosidic linkage?
To bond one sugar molecule to the next
What does a glycosidic linkage look like?
(M) (M)
\ /
O
M = monomer
Describe the structure of glycogen
Tree-like, w/ branching segments
Describe the structure of cellulose
Long linear chain
Describe the structure of starch
Long kinked chain
What reaction would remove a glucose molecule from a polysaccharide that’s 100 molecules long?
Polysaccharide + H2O = glucose + 99 molecule polysaccharide
What are the functions of lipids?
Long-term energy storage, make up cell membranes, as hormones, provide insulation
What elements are present in lipids?
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorus
How common is phosphorus in lipids?
Rare
What is the element ratio in lipids?
1C:2H:fewO
What are physical properties of lipids?
Hydrophobic, nonpolar
What are the monomers of lipids?
No specific monomers. Building blocks vary based on lipid
What are the different types of lipids?
Fats/triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids
What is the structure of a triglyceride?
A glycerol head attached to three fatty acid tails
What type of bond connects to the fatty acid tails to its glycerol head?
Ester bond
What type of bond is an ester bond?
Covalent
What are the two types of fatty acids?
Saturated, and unsaturated
What is a saturated fatty acid?
A fatty acid that contains all single carbon to carbon bonds; saturated with the maximum amount of hydrogen atoms bonded to each carbon atom
What is an unsaturated fatty acid?
A fatty acid that contains one or more double carbon to carbon bonds
Which functional group can be found on most fatty acid’s?
Carboxyl group
What happens at the site of a double carbon to carbon bond?
The fatty acid chain kinks
At room temperature saturated fatty acid’s are at what state?
Solid
Butter
Room temperature and saturated fatty acid’s are at what state?
Liquid
Vegetable oil
What is the structure of a phospholipid?
A glycerol head attached to two fatty acid tails and a phosphate group
How are triglycerides represented in a diagram?
|-------------- | |-------------- / | / |-------------- O ----- \ \
How are phospholipids are represented in a diagram?
/ / O \ \
What are the function of phospholipids?
To make up the cell membrane of all cells
Describe the polarity of phospholipids
They are amphipathic, meaning they have both polar and nonpolar regions
Are phospholipids hydrophilic or hydrophobic?
Heads or hydrophilic and tails or hydrophobic
Are the tails of phospholipids kinked?
Usually one is kinked
Describe how phospholipids arrange themselves
Side-by-side with heads next to heads with another row underneath the tales of the bottom row touching the tales of the top row
Which part of the phospholipid is touching water
The hydrophilic head
What is the function of steroids?
Make up hormones
What is the job of hormones
to act as chemical messengers of the cell
Describe the structure of steroids
Fused carbon rings with different functional groups attached
What is the difference trams fats and cis fats?
In trans fats hydrogens connected to the double bonded Carbons on opposite sides. In cis fats they are on the same side
What reaction is used to build a triglyceride?
Dehydration synthesis
What are the functions of nucleic acid’s?
To store genetic information, or to help make proteins
Are the two types of nucleic acid’s
DNA, and RNA
What elements make up nucleic acid’s?
Carbon, Oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, phosphorus
Are the monomers of nucleic acid’s?
Nucleotides
What makes up nucleotides?
A five carbon sugar, and nitrogen base, a phosphate group
Name the types of nitrogen bases
Adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine, uracil
What is the difference between purines and pyrimidines?
Purines have two rings, while pyrimidines one ring
A purine must always pair with a (blank)
Pyrimidine
Type of bond connects the bases with their partner in nucleotides?
Hydrogen bonds
In DNA what bases pair together?
adenine + thymine
cytosine + guanine
In RNA what bases pair together?
Adenine + Uracil
Cytosine + Guanine
What type of sugar does DNA have?
Deoxyribose
What type of sugar does RNA have?
Ribose
How many strands does DNA have?
2
Many strands does RNA have?
One
Of bond holds nucleotides to one another?
Phosphodiester bonds
The difference tween hydrogen bonds in phosphodiester bonds in nucleic acid
Hydrogen bonds are found with in nucleotides, while phosphodiester bond I found holding nucleotides to each other
What determines if a nucleotide is is DNA or RNA?
The type of sugar that’s present
What are the functions of proteins?
Structure, transport proteins, hormones, antibodies, and enzymes
What elements are present in proteins?
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Sulfur
What are the monomers of proteins?
Amino acids
What is a chain of amino acids called?
Polypeptide
What are the structural components of a protein?
An amino group, carboxyl group, central carbon, and a variable side chain
How many types of proteins are there?
20
What will result when a protein is hydrolyzed?
A mixture of various amino acids
What is a proteins primary structure?
The order of amino acids in the polypeptide chain
What is a proteins secondary structure?
The formation of an alpha helix of beta pleated sheets
What determines a proteins secondary structure?
Hydrogen bonds linking certain areas of the chain
What is a proteins tertiary structure?
Involves reactions of the side chains - now considered a protein
What is a proteins quaternary structure?
The interaction of 2+ amino acids
What do fructose, glucose, and galactose have in common?
They all have the same Formula (C6H12O6), and are therefore isomers