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H Biology > Unit II Part II > Flashcards

Unit II Part II Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

How are polymers built?

A

Dehydration synthesis

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2
Q

Dehydration synthesis

A

Monomers bond to form polymers; water is released

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3
Q

How are polymers broken down?

A

Hydrolysis

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4
Q

Hydrolysis

A

Water is added causing polymers to break down into its monomers

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5
Q

Monomer

A

A molecule that can bond with other monomers to form a polymer

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6
Q

Polymer

A

A macromolecule comprised of many small repeating subunit, or function groups

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7
Q

How many valence electrons does carbon have?

A

4

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8
Q

How many bonds can carbon make?

A

4 covalent bonds

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9
Q

What is a hydrocarbon?

A

Molecules containing only carbon and hydrogen

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10
Q

What are properties of hydrocarbons?

A

Hydrophobic and non polar

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11
Q

What is a function group?

A

Components of organic molecules involved in chemical reactions

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12
Q

Organic compound

A

Compounds containing carbon

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13
Q 
O 
        ||
- O- P- O(-)
         |
        O
A

Phosphate group

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14
Q

-OH

A

Hydroxyl group

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15
Q 
H
      /
- N 
      \ 
       H
A

Amino group

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16
Q 
O 
       //
   -C
       \
        OH
A

Carboxyl group

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17
Q

What do all macromolecules have in common?

A

All contain H, C, and O, and covalent bonds

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18
Q

Why is carbon important to living organisms?

A

It’s ability to bond with many types of elements allows it to form large and complex macromolecules

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19
Q

What elements are in carbohydrates?

A

C, H, O

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20
Q

What is an example of a carbohydrate?

A

Glucose

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21
Q

What types of elements are in lipids?

A

C, H, and O

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22
Q

What is an example of a lipid?

A

A triglyceride

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23
Q

What elements are in proteins?

A

C, H, O, N, S

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24
Q

What is an example of a protein?

A

Antibodies and enzymes

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25
Q

What elements are in nucleic acids?

A

C, H, N, O, P, S

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26
Q

What is an example of a nucleic acid?

A

DNA and RNA

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27
Q

What is the function of Amylose and what type of organism uses it?

A

Stores energy, plants

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28
Q

What is the function of glycogen

A

Stores energy in animals

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29
Q

What is the function of cellulose?

A

Forms cell walls in plants

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30
Q

What is the function of chitin?

A

Forms external skeletons in some animals

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31
Q

What does R stand for in a molecular diagram

A

Variable

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32
Q

What is deoxyribonucleic acid?

A

DNA

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33
Q

What is a disaccharide?

A

A small carbohydrates such as sucrose that consist of two monosaccharides

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34
Q

What is a double helix

A

The normal shape of a DNA molecule in which two chains of nucleotides are intertwined

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35
Q

What are essential amino acids

A

Amino acids that the human body needs but cannot make and must consume in food

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36
Q

What are essential fatty acid’s?

A

Fatty acids the human body needs that cannot make and must consume in foods

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37
Q

What is a function group

A

A small group of elements of the organic compound that determine the nature and function of the organic compound

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38
Q

What is a fatty acid?

A

Organic compounds found in lipids that has the general formula CH3(CH2)COOH

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39
Q

What is a monosaccharide

A

Small carbohydrates such as glucose with the general formula (CH2O)n

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40
Q

What is a nucleic acid

A

Type of organic compound that consists of smaller units called nucleotides

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41
Q

What is a nucleotide

A

small organic molecule that is the building block of nucleic acid

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42
Q

What is a peptide?

A

Short chain of amino acids

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43
Q

What is a phospholipid

A

Type of lipid that is a major component in cell membranes

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44
Q

What is a polysaccharide

A

A large carbohydrate they consist of more than two monosaccharides

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45
Q

What is DNA

A

Double-stranded nucleic acid that consist of genetic instructions for proteins

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46
Q

Is RNA?

A

Single-stranded nucleic acid that uses information contained in DNA to assemble amino acids and make proteins

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47
Q

What is a saturated fatty acid?

A

A type of fatty acid which all the carbon atoms are bonded to as many hydrogen Atoms as possible

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48
Q

What is a simple sugar

A

Monosaccharides or disaccharides

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49
Q

What is a steroid

A

A type of lipid that performs several functions such as forming cell membranes and acting as sex hormones

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50
Q

What is a triglyceride

A

Type of lipid that is the main form of stored energy in animals

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51
Q

What is an unsaturated fatty acid

A

A type of fatty acid in which some carbon atoms are not bonded to as many hydrogen atoms as possible

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52
Q

Finish the equation

Monosaccharide + monosaccharide =

A

Disaccharide + H2O

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53
Q

What is the reaction that takes place between two smaller biological molecules to form one larger biological molecule?

A

Dehydration synthesis

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54
Q

What monomers make up sucrose?

A

Glucose + fructose

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55
Q

What monomers make up lactose?

A

Galactose + glucose

56
Q

What two monomers make up maltose?

A

Glucose + glucose

57
Q

What are the two functions of carbohydrates?

A

Producing and storing energy and structural support

58
Q

What is the element ratio of monosaccharides?

A

1:2:1
C:H:O

59
Q

What are the monomers of carbohydrates?

A

Monosaccharides

60
Q

What are another name for monosaccharides?

A

Simple sugars

61
Q

What shape is fructose’s structure?

A

Pentagon

62
Q

What shape is glucose’s structure?

A

Hexagon

63
Q

What shape is galactose’s structure?

A

Hexagon

64
Q

When are polysaccharides formed?

A

When three of more monomers (monosaccharides) bond together

65
Q

When are disaccharides formed?

A

When two monomers (monosaccharides) bond

66
Q

What bonds are present in carbohydrates?

A

Glycosidic linkage

67
Q

What type of bond is glycosidic linkage?

A

Covalent bond

68
Q

What is the function of glycosidic linkage?

A

To bond one sugar molecule to the next

69
Q

What does a glycosidic linkage look like?

A

(M) (M)
\ /
O

M = monomer

70
Q

Describe the structure of glycogen

A

Tree-like, w/ branching segments

71
Q

Describe the structure of cellulose

A

Long linear chain

72
Q

Describe the structure of starch

A

Long kinked chain

73
Q

What reaction would remove a glucose molecule from a polysaccharide that’s 100 molecules long?

A

Polysaccharide + H2O = glucose + 99 molecule polysaccharide

74
Q

What are the functions of lipids?

A

Long-term energy storage, make up cell membranes, as hormones, provide insulation

75
Q

What elements are present in lipids?

A

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorus

76
Q

How common is phosphorus in lipids?

A

Rare

77
Q

What is the element ratio in lipids?

A

1C:2H:fewO

78
Q

What are physical properties of lipids?

A

Hydrophobic, nonpolar

79
Q

What are the monomers of lipids?

A

No specific monomers. Building blocks vary based on lipid

80
Q

What are the different types of lipids?

A

Fats/triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids

81
Q

What is the structure of a triglyceride?

A

A glycerol head attached to three fatty acid tails

82
Q

What type of bond connects to the fatty acid tails to its glycerol head?

A

Ester bond

83
Q

What type of bond is an ester bond?

A

Covalent

84
Q

What are the two types of fatty acids?

A

Saturated, and unsaturated

85
Q

What is a saturated fatty acid?

A

A fatty acid that contains all single carbon to carbon bonds; saturated with the maximum amount of hydrogen atoms bonded to each carbon atom

86
Q

What is an unsaturated fatty acid?

A

A fatty acid that contains one or more double carbon to carbon bonds

87
Q

Which functional group can be found on most fatty acid’s?

A

Carboxyl group

88
Q

What happens at the site of a double carbon to carbon bond?

A

The fatty acid chain kinks

89
Q

At room temperature saturated fatty acid’s are at what state?

A

Solid

Butter

90
Q

Room temperature and saturated fatty acid’s are at what state?

A

Liquid

Vegetable oil

91
Q

What is the structure of a phospholipid?

A

A glycerol head attached to two fatty acid tails and a phosphate group

92
Q

How are triglycerides represented in a diagram?

A 
|--------------
|
|--------------              /
|                                     /
|--------------          O ----- 
                                      \
                                       \
93
Q

How are phospholipids are represented in a diagram?

A 
/
   /
O
   \
    \
94
Q

What are the function of phospholipids?

A

To make up the cell membrane of all cells

95
Q

Describe the polarity of phospholipids

A

They are amphipathic, meaning they have both polar and nonpolar regions

96
Q

Are phospholipids hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

A

Heads or hydrophilic and tails or hydrophobic

97
Q

Are the tails of phospholipids kinked?

A

Usually one is kinked

98
Q

Describe how phospholipids arrange themselves

A

Side-by-side with heads next to heads with another row underneath the tales of the bottom row touching the tales of the top row

99
Q

Which part of the phospholipid is touching water

A

The hydrophilic head

100
Q

What is the function of steroids?

A

Make up hormones

101
Q

What is the job of hormones

A

to act as chemical messengers of the cell

102
Q

Describe the structure of steroids

A

Fused carbon rings with different functional groups attached

103
Q

What is the difference trams fats and cis fats?

A

In trans fats hydrogens connected to the double bonded Carbons on opposite sides. In cis fats they are on the same side

104
Q

What reaction is used to build a triglyceride?

A

Dehydration synthesis

105
Q

What are the functions of nucleic acid’s?

A

To store genetic information, or to help make proteins

106
Q

Are the two types of nucleic acid’s

A

DNA, and RNA

107
Q

What elements make up nucleic acid’s?

A

Carbon, Oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, phosphorus

108
Q

Are the monomers of nucleic acid’s?

A

Nucleotides

109
Q

What makes up nucleotides?

A

A five carbon sugar, and nitrogen base, a phosphate group

110
Q

Name the types of nitrogen bases

A

Adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine, uracil

111
Q

What is the difference between purines and pyrimidines?

A

Purines have two rings, while pyrimidines one ring

112
Q

A purine must always pair with a (blank)

A

Pyrimidine

113
Q

Type of bond connects the bases with their partner in nucleotides?

A

Hydrogen bonds

114
Q

In DNA what bases pair together?

A

adenine + thymine

cytosine + guanine

115
Q

In RNA what bases pair together?

A

Adenine + Uracil

Cytosine + Guanine

116
Q

What type of sugar does DNA have?

A

Deoxyribose

117
Q

What type of sugar does RNA have?

A

Ribose

118
Q

How many strands does DNA have?

A

2

119
Q

Many strands does RNA have?

A

One

120
Q

Of bond holds nucleotides to one another?

A

Phosphodiester bonds

121
Q

The difference tween hydrogen bonds in phosphodiester bonds in nucleic acid

A

Hydrogen bonds are found with in nucleotides, while phosphodiester bond I found holding nucleotides to each other

122
Q

What determines if a nucleotide is is DNA or RNA?

A

The type of sugar that’s present

123
Q

What are the functions of proteins?

A

Structure, transport proteins, hormones, antibodies, and enzymes

124
Q

What elements are present in proteins?

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Sulfur

125
Q

What are the monomers of proteins?

A

Amino acids

126
Q

What is a chain of amino acids called?

A

Polypeptide

127
Q

What are the structural components of a protein?

A

An amino group, carboxyl group, central carbon, and a variable side chain

128
Q

How many types of proteins are there?

A

20

129
Q

What will result when a protein is hydrolyzed?

A

A mixture of various amino acids

130
Q

What is a proteins primary structure?

A

The order of amino acids in the polypeptide chain

131
Q

What is a proteins secondary structure?

A

The formation of an alpha helix of beta pleated sheets

132
Q

What determines a proteins secondary structure?

A

Hydrogen bonds linking certain areas of the chain

133
Q

What is a proteins tertiary structure?

A

Involves reactions of the side chains - now considered a protein

134
Q

What is a proteins quaternary structure?

A

The interaction of 2+ amino acids

135
Q

What do fructose, glucose, and galactose have in common?

A

They all have the same Formula (C6H12O6), and are therefore isomers

H Biology (9 decks)

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