Unit II Part II Flashcards
1
Q
How are polymers built?
A
Dehydration synthesis
2
Q
Dehydration synthesis
A
Monomers bond to form polymers; water is released
3
Q
How are polymers broken down?
A
Hydrolysis
4
Q
Hydrolysis
A
Water is added causing polymers to break down into its monomers
5
Q
Monomer
A
A molecule that can bond with other monomers to form a polymer
6
Q
Polymer
A
A macromolecule comprised of many small repeating subunit, or function groups
7
Q
How many valence electrons does carbon have?
A
4
8
Q
How many bonds can carbon make?
A
4 covalent bonds
9
Q
What is a hydrocarbon?
A
Molecules containing only carbon and hydrogen
10
Q
What are properties of hydrocarbons?
A
Hydrophobic and non polar
11
Q
What is a function group?
A
Components of organic molecules involved in chemical reactions
12
Q
Organic compound
A
Compounds containing carbon
13
Q
O
||
- O- P- O(-)
|
O
A
Phosphate group
14
Q
-OH
A
Hydroxyl group
15
Q
H
/
- N
\
H
A
Amino group
16
Q
O
//
-C
\
OH
A
Carboxyl group
17
Q
What do all macromolecules have in common?
A
All contain H, C, and O, and covalent bonds
18
Q
Why is carbon important to living organisms?
A
It’s ability to bond with many types of elements allows it to form large and complex macromolecules
19
Q
What elements are in carbohydrates?
A
C, H, O
20
Q
What is an example of a carbohydrate?
A
Glucose
21
Q
What types of elements are in lipids?
A
C, H, and O
22
Q
What is an example of a lipid?
A
A triglyceride
23
Q
What elements are in proteins?
A
C, H, O, N, S
24
Q
What is an example of a protein?
A
Antibodies and enzymes
25
What elements are in nucleic acids?
C, H, N, O, P, S
26
What is an example of a nucleic acid?
DNA and RNA
27
What is the function of Amylose and what type of organism uses it?
Stores energy, plants
28
What is the function of glycogen
Stores energy in animals
29
What is the function of cellulose?
Forms cell walls in plants
30
What is the function of chitin?
Forms external skeletons in some animals
31
What does R stand for in a molecular diagram
Variable
32
What is deoxyribonucleic acid?
DNA
33
What is a disaccharide?
A small carbohydrates such as sucrose that consist of two monosaccharides
34
What is a double helix
The normal shape of a DNA molecule in which two chains of nucleotides are intertwined
35
What are essential amino acids
Amino acids that the human body needs but cannot make and must consume in food
36
What are essential fatty acid's?
Fatty acids the human body needs that cannot make and must consume in foods
37
What is a function group
A small group of elements of the organic compound that determine the nature and function of the organic compound
38
What is a fatty acid?
Organic compounds found in lipids that has the general formula CH3(CH2)COOH
39
What is a monosaccharide
Small carbohydrates such as glucose with the general formula (CH2O)n
40
What is a nucleic acid
Type of organic compound that consists of smaller units called nucleotides
41
What is a nucleotide
small organic molecule that is the building block of nucleic acid
42
What is a peptide?
Short chain of amino acids
43
What is a phospholipid
Type of lipid that is a major component in cell membranes
44
What is a polysaccharide
A large carbohydrate they consist of more than two monosaccharides
45
What is DNA
Double-stranded nucleic acid that consist of genetic instructions for proteins
46
Is RNA?
Single-stranded nucleic acid that uses information contained in DNA to assemble amino acids and make proteins
47
What is a saturated fatty acid?
A type of fatty acid which all the carbon atoms are bonded to as many hydrogen Atoms as possible
48
What is a simple sugar
Monosaccharides or disaccharides
49
What is a steroid
A type of lipid that performs several functions such as forming cell membranes and acting as sex hormones
50
What is a triglyceride
Type of lipid that is the main form of stored energy in animals
51
What is an unsaturated fatty acid
A type of fatty acid in which some carbon atoms are not bonded to as many hydrogen atoms as possible
52
Finish the equation
Monosaccharide + monosaccharide =
Disaccharide + H2O
53
What is the reaction that takes place between two smaller biological molecules to form one larger biological molecule?
Dehydration synthesis
54
What monomers make up sucrose?
Glucose + fructose
55
What monomers make up lactose?
Galactose + glucose
56
What two monomers make up maltose?
Glucose + glucose
57
What are the two functions of carbohydrates?
Producing and storing energy and structural support
58
What is the element ratio of monosaccharides?
1:2:1
C:H:O
59
What are the monomers of carbohydrates?
Monosaccharides
60
What are another name for monosaccharides?
Simple sugars
61
What shape is fructose's structure?
Pentagon
62
What shape is glucose's structure?
Hexagon
63
What shape is galactose's structure?
Hexagon
64
When are polysaccharides formed?
When three of more monomers (monosaccharides) bond together
65
When are disaccharides formed?
When two monomers (monosaccharides) bond
66
What bonds are present in carbohydrates?
Glycosidic linkage
67
What type of bond is glycosidic linkage?
Covalent bond
68
What is the function of glycosidic linkage?
To bond one sugar molecule to the next
69
What does a glycosidic linkage look like?
(M) (M)
\ /
O
M = monomer
70
Describe the structure of glycogen
Tree-like, w/ branching segments
71
Describe the structure of cellulose
Long linear chain
72
Describe the structure of starch
Long kinked chain
73
What reaction would remove a glucose molecule from a polysaccharide that's 100 molecules long?
Polysaccharide + H2O = glucose + 99 molecule polysaccharide
74
What are the functions of lipids?
Long-term energy storage, make up cell membranes, as hormones, provide insulation
75
What elements are present in lipids?
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorus
76
How common is phosphorus in lipids?
Rare
77
What is the element ratio in lipids?
1C:2H:fewO
78
What are physical properties of lipids?
Hydrophobic, nonpolar
79
What are the monomers of lipids?
No specific monomers. Building blocks vary based on lipid
80
What are the different types of lipids?
Fats/triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids
81
What is the structure of a triglyceride?
A glycerol head attached to three fatty acid tails
82
What type of bond connects to the fatty acid tails to its glycerol head?
Ester bond
83
What type of bond is an ester bond?
Covalent
84
What are the two types of fatty acids?
Saturated, and unsaturated
85
What is a saturated fatty acid?
A fatty acid that contains all single carbon to carbon bonds; saturated with the maximum amount of hydrogen atoms bonded to each carbon atom
86
What is an unsaturated fatty acid?
A fatty acid that contains one or more double carbon to carbon bonds
87
Which functional group can be found on most fatty acid's?
Carboxyl group
88
What happens at the site of a double carbon to carbon bond?
The fatty acid chain kinks
89
At room temperature saturated fatty acid's are at what state?
Solid
| Butter
90
Room temperature and saturated fatty acid's are at what state?
Liquid
| Vegetable oil
91
What is the structure of a phospholipid?
A glycerol head attached to two fatty acid tails and a phosphate group
92
How are triglycerides represented in a diagram?
```
|--------------
|
|-------------- /
| /
|-------------- O -----
\
\
```
93
How are phospholipids are represented in a diagram?
```
/
/
O
\
\
```
94
What are the function of phospholipids?
To make up the cell membrane of all cells
95
Describe the polarity of phospholipids
They are amphipathic, meaning they have both polar and nonpolar regions
96
Are phospholipids hydrophilic or hydrophobic?
Heads or hydrophilic and tails or hydrophobic
97
Are the tails of phospholipids kinked?
Usually one is kinked
98
Describe how phospholipids arrange themselves
Side-by-side with heads next to heads with another row underneath the tales of the bottom row touching the tales of the top row
99
Which part of the phospholipid is touching water
The hydrophilic head
100
What is the function of steroids?
Make up hormones
101
What is the job of hormones
to act as chemical messengers of the cell
102
Describe the structure of steroids
Fused carbon rings with different functional groups attached
103
What is the difference trams fats and cis fats?
In trans fats hydrogens connected to the double bonded Carbons on opposite sides. In cis fats they are on the same side
104
What reaction is used to build a triglyceride?
Dehydration synthesis
105
What are the functions of nucleic acid's?
To store genetic information, or to help make proteins
106
Are the two types of nucleic acid's
DNA, and RNA
107
What elements make up nucleic acid's?
Carbon, Oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, phosphorus
108
Are the monomers of nucleic acid's?
Nucleotides
109
What makes up nucleotides?
A five carbon sugar, and nitrogen base, a phosphate group
110
Name the types of nitrogen bases
Adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine, uracil
111
What is the difference between purines and pyrimidines?
Purines have two rings, while pyrimidines one ring
112
A purine must always pair with a (blank)
Pyrimidine
113
Type of bond connects the bases with their partner in nucleotides?
Hydrogen bonds
114
In DNA what bases pair together?
adenine + thymine
| cytosine + guanine
115
In RNA what bases pair together?
Adenine + Uracil
| Cytosine + Guanine
116
What type of sugar does DNA have?
Deoxyribose
117
What type of sugar does RNA have?
Ribose
118
How many strands does DNA have?
2
119
Many strands does RNA have?
One
120
Of bond holds nucleotides to one another?
Phosphodiester bonds
121
The difference tween hydrogen bonds in phosphodiester bonds in nucleic acid
Hydrogen bonds are found with in nucleotides, while phosphodiester bond I found holding nucleotides to each other
122
What determines if a nucleotide is is DNA or RNA?
The type of sugar that's present
123
What are the functions of proteins?
Structure, transport proteins, hormones, antibodies, and enzymes
124
What elements are present in proteins?
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Sulfur
125
What are the monomers of proteins?
Amino acids
126
What is a chain of amino acids called?
Polypeptide
127
What are the structural components of a protein?
An amino group, carboxyl group, central carbon, and a variable side chain
128
How many types of proteins are there?
20
129
What will result when a protein is hydrolyzed?
A mixture of various amino acids
130
What is a proteins primary structure?
The order of amino acids in the polypeptide chain
131
What is a proteins secondary structure?
The formation of an alpha helix of beta pleated sheets
132
What determines a proteins secondary structure?
Hydrogen bonds linking certain areas of the chain
133
What is a proteins tertiary structure?
Involves reactions of the side chains - now considered a protein
134
What is a proteins quaternary structure?
The interaction of 2+ amino acids
135
What do fructose, glucose, and galactose have in common?
They all have the same Formula (C6H12O6), and are therefore isomers
