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PNS Exam One > Unit II: Cranial Nerves I, II, III > Flashcards

Unit II: Cranial Nerves I, II, III Flashcards

0
Q

The olfactory epithelium lining is specifically located in what part of the nasal cavity?

A

Superior nasal concha

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1
Q

What type of neurons are olfactory neurons?

A

Bipolar

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2
Q

About how many olfactory nerves convey information to the olfactory bulbs?

A

10 to 20

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3
Q

What are the olfactory receptors called that are found in the PNS?

A

Olfactory hairs

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4
Q

What is another term for olfactory nerves?

A

Fila olfactoria

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5
Q

Are olfactory neuron axons myelinated?

A

No, but they are covered by Schwann cells (PNS)

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6
Q

Olfactory nerves pass through what specific part of which bone?

A

Cribriform plate of ethmoid bone

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7
Q

In the olfactory bulb, the olfactory nerves synapse on the dendrites of which cells?

A

Mitral cells

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8
Q

What is formed at the olfactory synapse?

A

Synaptic glomerulus

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9
Q

What are the secondary sensory neurons of the olfactory pathway?

A

Mitral cells

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10
Q

Where are the cell bodies of mitral cells located?

A

Olfactory bulb

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11
Q

Mitral cells relay information in which direction and through what?

A

Posteriorly through the olfactory tract

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12
Q

Where do the olfactory tract fibers split into medial and lateral olfactory striae?

A

Anterior perforated substance

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13
Q

Where do medial stria fibers travel to and how do they get there?

A

They travel to the opposite olfactory bulb via the anterior commissure

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14
Q

Lateral stria fibers of the olfactory tract carry formation to which location?

A

Primary olfactory cortex (Bdmn. Area 34)

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15
Q

Where is the primary olfactory cortex?

A

Periamygdaloid and prepiriform area, including the uncus on the medial aspect of the temporal lobe

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16
Q

Where is the secondary olfactory cortex?

A

Bdmn. Area 28: entorhinal area in the parahippocampal gyrus

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17
Q

What is unique about the neurons of the olfactory sensory pathway?

A

Only made up of 2 total neurons (instead of the typical 3 for most sensory pathways

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18
Q

Olfaction is an exception among senses for what reason?

A

It is the only sensory pathway that does not synapse in the thalamus

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19
Q

What is the term meaning a total loss of smell (rare condition)?

A

Anosmia

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20
Q

What can CSF leakage in the form of a runny nose be indicative of?

A

Skull fracture

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21
Q

In Alzheimer’s Disease, what is typically the location of some of the first neurons to be destroyed?

A

Olfactory cortex (asymmetric lost of smell)

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22
Q

What layer of the eye is the only complete layer?

A

Fibrous tunic

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23
Q

What two things make up the fibrous tunic (outermost layer) of the eye?

A

Sclera and cornea

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24
Q

What is the name of the middle layer of the eye?

A

Vascular layer

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25
Q

What three things make up the vascular layer of the eye?

A

Ciliary body, iris, and choroid

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26
Q

What is the innermost layer of the eye?

A

Retina (with ten total layers)

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27
Q

What is another name for the pigmented layer of the retina?

A

Cementing layer

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28
Q

The pigmented layer of the retina is adjacent to what part of the eye?

A

Choroid

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29
Q

What layer of the retina contains rod and cone cell bodies?

A

Outer nuclear layer

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30
Q

In which layer of the retina do the rods and cones synapse with bipolar cells?

A

Outer plexiform layer

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31
Q

What layer of the retina contains cell bodies of bipolar cells?

A

Inner nuclear layer

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32
Q

In which layer of the retina do bipolar cells synapse with ganglion cells?

A

Inner plexiform layer

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33
Q

In which layer of the retina do ganglion cell bodies lie?

A

Ganglion cell layer

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34
Q

What type of neurons ultimately give rise to the optic nerve?

A

Ganglion cells

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35
Q

Which layer of the retina contains retinal ganglion cell axons?

A

Nerve fiber layer

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36
Q

What is the name of the glial boundary separating the retina from the vitreous body?

A

Internal limiting membrane

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37
Q

Are retinal ganglion cell axons myelinated?

A

No

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38
Q

What are the three layers of the retina that contain neurons?

A

Ganglion cell layer, inner nuclear layer, and outer nuclear layer

39
Q

What are the three types of cones that receive color information?

A

Red, green, and blue

40
Q

What do cones require to function best?

A

Adequate light

41
Q

Where is the point of clearest vision & area of highest concentration of cones?

A

Fovea centralis (center of the retina)

42
Q

Are rods located in the fovea?

A

No

43
Q

Where are the rods located?

A

Periphery of the retina

44
Q

What is the only thing that rods sense?

A

Light vs dark

45
Q

When do the optic nerve axons become myelinated?

A

When they leave the eyeball and enter the actual optic nerve

46
Q

What forms the myelin on the optic nerve axons?

A

Interfascicular oligodendrocytes

47
Q

Which fibers cross in the optic chiasma?

A

Fibers from the medial (nasal) side of each retina

48
Q

The optic tract travels around what structures?

A

Cerebral peduncles

49
Q

Where do the majority of optic nerve tract fibers synapse?

A

Lateral geniculate body to be relayed to the cerebral cortex in the occipital lobe (Bdmn. Area 17)

50
Q

If there is a lesion in the optic nerve, what is the result?

A

Blindness in one eye

51
Q

If there is a lesion in the decussating fibers of the optic chiasma, what is the result?

A

Tunnel vision

52
Q

If there is a lesion in the optic tract, what is the result?

A

Loss of half of the visual field

53
Q

If a flashlight is shined directly in the right eye, what is the result & reflex shown?

A

Right pupil constriction (direct light reflex)

54
Q

What are the two muscles influenced by the tectospinal tract?

A

Trapezius and sternocleidomastoid

55
Q

When a flashlight is shown into the right eye, what happens to the left pupil and what reflex is demonstrated?

A

Left pupil constricts, as well, but less; consensual light reflex

56
Q

How many neurons make up the optic pathway to get from receptor to arrive at the occipital lobe?

A

Four

57
Q

What does the accommodation reflex enable us to do?

A

Allows the shape of the lens to change for focus

58
Q

When focusing on closer objects, does the lens appear more concave or convex by way of the accommodation reflex?

A

Convex

59
Q

What is the name of the reflex that makes up blink and retract when our cornea is touched?

A

Corneal reflex

60
Q

What is the term to describe the contraction of the medial rectus muscles to see objects moving closer to us?

A

Convergence

61
Q

Do the visual reflexes we discussed test for cranial nerve II only?

A

No; it tests multiple cranial nerves

62
Q

Cranial nerve II accounts only for what portion of the visual reflexes?

A

Afferent component only

63
Q

Which spinal tract originates in the superior colliculus?

A

Tectospinal

64
Q

Cranial nerve III carries what types of fibers?

A

Somatic and parasympathetic

65
Q

What are the nuclei of origin of cranial nerve III?

A

Oculomotor nuclei

66
Q

Where are the oculomotor nuclei located?

A

Periaqueductal gray matter, anterior to cerebral aqueduct, at the level of the superior colliculi

67
Q

Which part of the cerebral cortex sends axons to the oculomotor nuclei?

A

Bdmn. Area 8

68
Q

In addition to the cerebral cortex, the oculomotor nuclei receive fibers from which locations?

A

Superior colliculus and medial longitudinal fasciculus

69
Q

Oculomotor axons travel through which structure as they exit the CNS?

A

Red nucleus

70
Q

The oculomotor axons ultimately exit the CNS in what structure?

A

Interpeduncular fossa (into the cistern)

71
Q

When the oculomotor nerve exits the CNS, what covers it?

A

Neural fascia (epi, peri, and endoneurium then deeply with myelin formed from Schwann cells)

72
Q

Oculomotor nerves penetrate what substance while traveling along the cavernous sinus on its way to exit the skull?

A

Dura mater

73
Q

Cranial nerve III exits the skull via what opening?

A

Superior orbital fissure

74
Q

When does the oculomotor nerve split into superior and inferior rami?

A

Once in the eye socket

75
Q

What muscles are supplied by the superior ramus of the oculomotor nerve?

A

Superior rectus (inferior aspect of it is pierced) and levator palpebra superioris

76
Q

What are the three branches of the inferior ramus of the oculomotor nerve?

A

Medial, central, and lateral branches

77
Q

What does the medial branch of the inferior ramus of the oculomotor nerve supply?

A

Medial rectus

78
Q

What does the central branch of the inferior ramus of the oculomotor nerve supply?

A

Inferior rectus

79
Q

What does the lateral branch of the inferior ramus of the oculomotor nerve supply?

A

Inferior oblique

80
Q

What is another name of the accessory oculomotor nucleus?

A

Edinger-Westphal nucleus

81
Q

The accessory oculomotor nucleus contains what type of neurons?

A

Preganglionic parasympathetic

82
Q

Where do the preganglionic parasympathetic neurons from the accessory oculomotor nucleus synapse?

A

In the ciliary ganglion

83
Q

Where is the ciliary ganglion located?

A

Posterior to the eyeball about 1 cm anterior to the superior orbital fissure

84
Q

Postganglionic parasympathetic axons from the ciliary ganglion follow the course of which structures?

A

Ciliary arteries

85
Q

Postganglionic parasympathetic axons from the ciliary ganglion pierce what structure of the eye?

A

Sclera

86
Q

What do the postganglionic parasympathetic axons of the ciliary ganglion supply?

A

Ciliaris and sphincter papillae muscles

87
Q

What is the action of the ciliaris muscle when contracted?

A

Lens becomes more convex for focusing

88
Q

What is the action of the pupillary constrictor muscle (sphincter pupillae)?

A

Constricts the pupil

89
Q

What nerve involved in another olfactory pathway is poorly developed in humans but important in other species for tracking prey?

A

Vomeronasal nerve

90
Q

What nerve in another olfactory pathway is from the nasal septum and serves an autonomic function?

A

Terminal nerve

91
Q

What is the purpose of the medial stria fibers of cranial nerve I to cross midline and travel to the opposite olfactory bulb?

A

To ensure that each cerebral hemisphere receives information from both nostrils

92
Q

Axons from ganglion cells are conveyed in the nerve fiber layer to what location?

A

Optic disc

93
Q

What are the three nuclei of termination of cranial nerve II?

A

Lateral geniculate bodies, superior colliculus, pretectal nucleus of the midbrain

94
Q

What is the function of the fibers of cranial nerve II that synapse in the pretectal nucleus of the midbrain?

A

Light reflexes

PNS Exam One (6 decks)

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