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AP BIO 1 > Unit II > Flashcards

Unit II Flashcards

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1
Q

Axial vs Appendicular

A

Axial : skull, vertebral, rib cage

Appendicular, arm shoulder pectoral girdle

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2
Q

Types of bones

A

Long : humerus
Short : carpal
Flat : sternum
Irregular : vertebra

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3
Q

Long Bone

Parts (3)

A

Epiphysis : end of bone
Made of compact bone
Inner is sponge bone contain red bone marrow

Diaphysis : Shaft of the bone
Consist of compact bone
Inner medullary cavity containing yellow bone marrow

Periosteum : outer covering of bone
Consist of fibrous layer
Growth + Repair osteogenic & osteon last
Contain nervous system + vessels

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4
Q

Flat bone

A

Spongy bone (dipole) filled with bone marrow surrounded by thin layer of compact bone

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5
Q

Osseous tissue

Define

A

Osteoblasts : bone maker
Osteocytes : messenger of osteoclasts
Osteoclasts : breaker

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6
Q

Wolff’s law
Parathyroid (PTH)
Calcitonin
Sex Hormone

A

Wolff’s law :
Mechanical stress + gravity micro fracturing and remodeling which leads to stronger bone

PTH : osteoblasts reason bone mineral + calcium increase

Calcitonin : slow down osteoclasts

Sex hormone : stimulate osteoblasts + slow down osteoclasts

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7
Q

Four stages of bone fracture repair

A

Hematoma : fibrous tissue connect end of broken bone

Fibrocartilage:

Bony callus : osteoblasts connect the connective tissue

Osteoclasts: replace osteoblast and make new bone

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8
Q

Two types of bone development

A

Intramembranous

Mesenchymal - fibrous - osteoblast
Osteocytes - spongy bone
Compact bone

ENDOCHONDRAL OSSIFICATION

Mesenchymal - chondroblast - hyaline cartilage - cartilage cast

Cartilage - replaced by Osseous tissue- primary ossification

Second ossification appears in epiphysis

Epiphysis plate forms between two ossification allowing growth

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9
Q

Joints

Types (articulation) (3) define

A

Synarthrosis
NO MOVEMENT
HELD TOGETHER BY IRREGULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Fibrous type

Homophobia: cone + peg (tooth and root)

Suture: allow growth
Thin layer of dense fibrous connective

Syndesmosis: fibrous ligament
Limited amount of motion

Amphiarthrosis:
Limited motion
Cartilaginous type
Lined and held together

Diarthrosis (synovial)
Synovial cavity : gap between bones

Articular capsule:
•Fibrous capsule (outer layer) produce strength
•synovial capsule (liquid to decrease friction)

Bursar: decrease fiction

Synovial fluid : lubricate
nutrients for Chondrichthyes
Reduce stress and waste

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10
Q

Diarthroses types (6)

A 
Gliding 
Hinge
Pivot
Elliptical
Saddle joint
Ball+socket
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11
Q

Function and properties of muscles

A

Excitability
Extensibility
Elasticity
Contractality

Movement
Posture
Stabilize
Thermoregulation

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12
Q

Sacrolemma
T-tubules
Myofibril
Sacroplasmic recticum

A

Sacrolemma : cell membrane

T-tuble: tube leading to SR

Myofibril : cytoskeleton of muscle cell

Sacroplasmic reticulum : smooth er for Myofibril

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13
Q

Inside of Myofibril

A

Thick filament : (myosin)

Thin filament : (actin)

Troponyson : backbone

Troponin : activate and deactivate

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14
Q

Zones of sacromere

A

H-zone : thick filament
A-band : entire h-zone
I - band : thin filaments

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15
Q

Muscle :

Origin
Insertion
Direct
Indirect

A

Origin: muscle attach to immovable bone

Insertion: attached to movable bone

Direct : bone to bone

Indirect : bone to tendon

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16
Q

Epimyosin

Permyosin

Endomyosin

A

Epimyosin surround whole muscle

Permyosin surround group of muscle

Endomyosin surround each muscle fiber

17
Q

Motor twitch

Three periods define

A

Latent : calcium is bonded

Contraction : actin and myosin is connected

Relaxation : when calcium is removed

18
Q

Refractory period

Treppe

Tetanus

Fatigue

A

Refractory: muscle can’t be excited or contract

Treppe: stimulate builds up

Tetanus: calling for help

Fatigue: when everything stops.

19
Q

Fast
Slow
Fast oxidative

GLYCOLYTIC

A

Fast: (power lifting) fatigue easily

Slow ( running marathon) aerobically fatigue resistance

Fast oxidative anaerobic and aerobic

20
Q

Isometric vs isotonic

A

Isomeric : muscle contract, but doesn’t shorten

Isotonic :

Concentric : muscle contract and shorten
Eccentric: contract and increase in length

21
Q

Function of skeletal system

A 
SUPPORT 
MOVEMENT 
PROTECTION 
HEMATOPOIESIS
MINERAL STORAGE

AP BIO 1 (3 decks)

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