Unit I Flashcards
Microscopic
Cytology
Histology
Study structure of cell and tissue
Cytology : cell
Histology: tissue
Physiology
Changes in structure
Pathological studies
Study of changes due to disease
Concept of homeostasis
Receptor
Controller
Effector
Keeping the inside of body balanced
Receptor : monitors the changes of environment
Control : determines how to deal with environment
Effector : receive message and proceed
Level of organization of body
Atom…
Atom Molecules Cell Tissue Organ System of organs
Main characteristic of life
TRIPLE M DERR❤️
Maintain: Internal environment Movement: cell Metabolism: chemicals Digestion: energy Exertion: waste Reproduction❤️
NUCLEUS
- Nuclear envelope
- CHROMATIN
- nucleolus
Contains DNA
Nuclear envelope : limit access of large molecule allow transport of small molecule
Chromatin: absorb stain for cell division
Nucleolus : ribosome home
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
ROUGH
SMOOTH
Connect tubes and channel
Rough: protein synthesis, contain ribosome
Smooth: lipid synthesis, detoxification of drug
Sex hormone, glycogen in liver
Golgi complex
- lysosomes
- mitochondria
Golgi : powerhouse
Sorting
Chemical alternation ( what chemical is for what)
Packaging
Lysosomes: soldier
Clean up old organelle
Phagocytes
Mitochondria: energy saver
ATP
Cytoskeleton function and types
Shape, support, movement, cell division
Microfilament
Thick
Medium sized
Cilia & flagella
Clean up and absorb and sort nutrients
Function of plasma membrane
What is the cholesterol for?
Isolate cell from the outer membrane
Select what goes in and out
Divide different compartment
Cholesterol is for fluidity of the tails of the lipids.
Endocytosis vs Exocytosis
Endocytosis : the cyte eats it
Exocytosis : the cyte spits it out
Endocytosis types ( 3) define + function
Function : create vesicles, separate things from cell and into the cytoplasm
Pinocytosis: gulps everything
Phagocytosis : gulps specific things
Receptor: picky eater!
Exocytosis function
Release from cyte
Embeds protein to become transporter
Types of membrane transport
Passive ( 3 types)
Active ( 2 types )
Osmosis
Active: primary: pumps
Secondary: symport or antiport
Passive :
Simple diffusion high to low
Channel: go through system
Carrier: specific shape binding
Osmosis :
Hypotonic : when inside of the cell has water coming in more
Hypertonic: when inside of the cell has water coming out more
Isotonic: is when water goes in and out equally
4 types of tissue and function
Epithelial : separation
Connective : structure, storage, defense,transport
Nervous: computer, control + information processing
Muscle: support, thermoregulation, movement of blood through vessels
Intercellular junction (3 types) define
Merocrine: watery(sweat) no damage
Apocrine: armpit and groin little damage
Holocene: oily, entire cell breakdown
Epithelial
Layer and shape name
Layer
Simple: one
Stratified:multiple
Cell shape
Squamous: flat
Cuboidal: cube
Columnar: cylindrical
Simple squamous
Thinnest membrane in body
Diffusion/absorption
Simple cuboidal:
Secretion or absorption
Tubular structure
Simple columnar
Secret and absorb mucous (digestive system)
Pseudostratified columnar :
facilitate mucous was removal of airway
Transitional tissue
When stretched it appears as stratified squamous (urinary bladder)
Stratified squamous:
abrasion or abuse
Keratinization stratified squamous:
Upper layer filled with dead cell
Non-keratinized :
Mucous membrane I
Stratified cuboidal and columnar
Salivary mammary gland
Muscular tissue function and types define
Support movement
Push blood through vessel
Movement of food and body secretion
Thermoregulation
Types:
Skeletal
- Connected to bone
- somatic nervous system
- actin and myosin
- voluntarily
Cardiac
- involuntarily
- Autonomic nervous system
- adhesion and gap junction
Smooth
- walls of hallow organ, blood vessel, internal organ
- involuntary
- autonomic nervous system
Nervous tissue function and types
Control and info processing
Dendrite : messenger
Body : contain nucleus
Axon: sends msg away from body
Neuralgia define and types
Supporting nervous system
Astrocytes: star shape providing nutrient and ion from blood brain barrier
Ependyma : lines through the cerebral ventricles and spinal cord
Oligodendrocytes in CNS & Schwann (PNS) from myelin and sheath
Types of connective tissue :
Function ( SPIT BS )
Bone (Osseous)
Blood tissue
Supportive
Proper
Function: Structural Protection Insulation and energy storage Transport Body defense support& interconnection
Types of fiber 3
Collagen : strongest (ligament and tendon)
Elastic : significant recoil when stretched
Reticular : lacy fragile (lymphoid structure)
Adipocyte
Mast cell
Macrophage
DEFINE!
Adipocyte : store nutrient (fat cell)
Mast cell: detect foreign cell
Macrophage, phagocyte: eats bad cell
Supportive connective tissue
Function
Types
Function: strong and flexible
Hyaline : collagen fiber
Reduce friction
Absorb shock
Elastic cartilage:
Elastic fiber
Fibrocartilage: resistance to compression
Osseous (bone) connective tissue
Function and type
Function: provide strength
Types
Compact : osteon consisting matrix deposit in layers around canal of blood vessel
Osteocytes produce matrix
Cancellous(spongy)
- no osteon
- bone growth
- surrounds red bone marrow
Fluid connective tissue
Type and function
Function: transport fuel nutrients oxy immunization cell throughout body
Erythrocytes: RBC
Leukocyte: WBC
-granulocyte :
•neutrophil
•eosinophil
•basophil
-agranulocyte :
•monocytes
•Lymphocyte
Thrombocytes : cellular debris
LYPMH
Loose connective tissue
Function and define type
Areolar (packaging material)
- Protein fiber of all three
- Site of immune system
Adipose (store fat)
- brown
- white
Reticular : framework of gland lymph organ
Dense connective tissue
Define and types
Dense regular
- strongest of body
- ligaments, tendons
- w/collagen fiber
Dense irregular
-mostly collagen fiber
-no ground substance
Ex: heart valves
Integumentary system
Consist of?
Function?
Consist of skin and skin appendages (nails,hair,sweat gland, sebaceous)
Function:
Protection
Thermoregulation
Vitamin production
Skin layer
Define
Epidermis : dead , outer layer
Dermis : under epidermis
Hypodermis : mainly vessels and stuff, below dermis
Layers of epidermis (5)
Stratum Basel : simple columnar or cuboidal
Very bottom to dermis
Produce melanin
Stratum spinosum: 5-10 layer
Irregular shape tightly
Contain pre-keratin
Stratum granulosome : 3-5 layer
Flats
Water proof keratin
Stratum loadem : clear dead cell
Stratum corneum: 2/3 of epidermis
20-30 layers of dead cell.
Dermis layers (2)
Papillary : loose Areolar connective tissue
Reticular: 80% of dermis
Dense irregular tissue
Contain collagen and elastin
Skin pigmentation 3 types
Melanin : dark brown from uv radiation
Carotene : yellowish from Veges (carrot)
Hemoglobin : pinkish from blood
Uv light concept
Uv light makes vitamin d to form
Uv light destroy folic acid which will destroy DNS synthesis. This can cause cancer
Gross anatomy
- Systematic
- Regional
Entire body
regional : one part of body (leg)
systematic: the system of body (digestive system)
