Unit Four (Psychological Development)

Question 1

Interaction

Answer 1

Both nature and nurture work together

Question 2

Prenatal Period

Answer 2

Nine months between conception and birth

Question 3

Zygotes

Answer 3

The fertilized egg – experiences rapid cell division in the first 2 weeks

Question 4

Zygote-Fetus

Answer 4

Zygote-first 10 days
Embryo: from 10 days after fertilization through 2nd month
Fetus: 9 weeks after fertilization till birth

Question 5

Teratogens

Answer 5

Harmful chemicals/viruses that can harm the unborn child (smoking, alcohol, other drugs)

Question 6

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

Answer 6

Mental/physical problems due to a pregnant woman’s heavy drinking

Question 7

Rooting

Answer 7

(Sucking reflex) an instinctive feeding reflex

Question 8

Moro

Answer 8

When startled, the baby will throw its arms and legs out, and retract them making itself as small as possible

Question 9

Babinski

Answer 9

When a baby’s foot is stroked its toes will spread out

Question 10

Myelinate

Answer 10

A part of motor development when your neurons begin to connect and develop their myelin coating

Question 11

Synaptic Pruning

Answer 11

Unused neural connections are destroyed but the neurons are left for later use

Question 12

Synchronicity

Answer 12

Babies and mothers smile, vocalize, touch together-not a disjointed action

Question 13

Imprinting

Answer 13

Forming a rigid attachment based on instincts

Question 14

Secure Attachment

Answer 14

Most common, feel close to their mothers, more willing to explore and tolerate new situations

Question 15

Insecure Attachment

Answer 15

Do not like to explore new experiences-feel stressed out or avoid the experience

Question 16

Anxious Ambivalent Attachment

Answer 16

Extreme stress when parents leave, but hard to console even when parents return

Question 17

Avoidant Attachment

Answer 17

Resist being held when new experiences are presented, do not return to parent after an absence

Question 18

Contact Comfort

Answer 18

Stimulation and reassurance derived from physical touch

Question 19

Psychosocial Dwarfism

Answer 19

A growth disorder caused by emotional neglect, abuse, or stress, leads to stunted growth and cognition

Question 20

Responsive Parenting

Answer 20

Sensitive parents lead to a more secure attachment

Question 21

Maturation

Answer 21

Internally programmed growth of a child

Question 22

Mat. Readiness

Answer 22

When a child is ready to be pushed to learn (walking)

Question 23

Infantile Amnesia

Answer 23

Memory is not fully developed-before three years of age, we remember very little

Question 24

Schemas

Answer 24

Mental structures or programs that guide a child’s thought processes

Question 25

Assimilation

Answer 25

Modifying newly learned info to fit into an existing schema

Question 26

Accommodation

Answer 26

Restructuring existing schemas so new info is better understood

Question 27

Mental Representation

Answer 27

Ability to form and manipulate internal images of objects

Question 28

Object Permanence

Answer 28

The knowledge that objects exist when they are out of sight

Question 29

Egocentrism

Answer 29

Inability to understand other people’s viewpoints

Question 30

Personal Fable

Answer 30

Believing we are unique to all circumstances

Question 31

Animistic Thinking

Answer 31

Belief that inanimate objects are ‘alive’

Question 32

Centration

Answer 32

Cannot analyze multiple factors at once, lack of conservation of volume

Question 33

Irreversibility

Answer 33

Lack ability to do and ‘undo’ acts in their mind

Question 34

Conservation

Answer 34

Physical properties of an object or substance do not change with appearance

Question 35

Mental Operations

Answer 35

Solving problems by manipulating images in one’s mind

Question 36

Reversibility

Answer 36

Can backtrack a process to problem solve

Question 37

Theory of Mind

Answer 37

Leaving behind our egocentric perspective and realizing other people have thoughts and feelings that differ from ours

Question 38

Authoritarian

Answer 38

Do not explain their demands or actions. Children have no right to question

Question 39

Authoritative

Answer 39

Children participation, negotiation. Parents listen and explain rules. Parents provide oversight; child has some freedoms

Question 40

Permissive

Answer 40

Children have the final say or parents give up

Question 41

Uninvolved Parents

Answer 41

Don’t really care about the child

Question 42

Identity Moratorium

Answer 42

Considering the future but have made no firm decisions, usually in a time of crisis

Question 43

Identity Foreclosure

Answer 43

Decision has been made based of the suggestions of others, no self-exploration

Question 44

Identity Diffusion

Answer 44

No clear identity and no attempt to find that identity

Question 45

Identity Achievement

Answer 45

Freely decided what they want to do

Question 46

Senile Dementia

Answer 46

Slow disintegration of the mind

Question 47

Decremental Model of Aging

Answer 47

With age comes inevitable physical and mental decline

Question 48

Menopause

Answer 48

Begins around 50 caused by loss of estrogen

Question 49

Spermarche

Answer 49

Males start production of sperm

Question 50

Menarche

Answer 50

Females first occurrence of menstruation

Question 51

Macrosystem

Answer 51

The broader cultural, societal, and political contexts that shape the child’s development

Question 52

Exosystem

Answer 52

The settings that indirectly affect the child, such as parent's workplace or community resources

Question 53

Mesosystem

Answer 53

The interactions and relationships between the child’s microsystems, such as the connection between home and school

Question 54

Microsystem

Answer 54

The immediate environment in which the child lives and interacts, such as family, school, and peers