Unit Four (Learning)

Question 1

Classical Conditioning

Answer 1

Type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events, usually involves an instinctive/reflexive behavior (one we can’t control)

Question 2

Neutral Stimulus (NS)

Answer 2

In classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning

Question 3

Unconditioned Response (UR)

Answer 3

In classical conditioning, an unlearned, naturally occurring response (such as salivation) to an unconditioned stimulus (US) (such as food in the mouth)

Question 4

Unconditioned Stimulus (US)

Answer 4

In classical conditioning, a stimulus that naturally elicits a response without prior conditioning

Question 5

Acquisition (Classical Conditioning)

Answer 5

Initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response

Question 6

Extinction (Classical Conditioning)

Answer 6

Diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs when an unconditioned stimulus does not follow a conditioned stimulus

Question 7

Spontaneous Recovery (Classical Conditioning)

Answer 7

Reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response

Question 8

Generalization (Classical Conditioning)

Answer 8

Tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses

Question 9

Discrimination (Classical Conditioning)

Answer 9

Learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus (which predicts the US) and other irrelevant stimuli

Question 10

Bio Preparedness

Answer 10

How our instincts can enhance conditioning

Question 11

Systematic Desensitization

Answer 11

Exposing patient to fear-inducing stimuli gradually, with goal of eliminating their conditioned fear

Question 12

Operant Conditioning

Answer 12

Everyday behaviors are continually reinforced and shaped

Question 13

Reinforcement (Operant Conditioning)

Answer 13

Any event that strengthens a preceding response

Question 14

Shaping (Operant Conditioning)

Answer 14

Gradually guiding toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior

Question 15

Primary Reinforcer

Answer 15

Is unlearned; innately reinforcing stimuli, linked to bio needs

Question 16

Conditioned (Secondary) Reinforcer

Answer 16

Gains power through association with primary reinforcer

Question 17

Premack Principle

Answer 17

When a desirable activity is used to reinforce an undesirable activity

Question 18

Reinforcement Schedule

Answer 18

Includes pattern that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced

Question 19

Continuous Reinforcement Schedule

Answer 19

Involves reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs

Question 20

Partial (Intermittent) Reinforcement

Answer 20

Includes schedule reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement

Question 21

Positive Punishment

Answer 21

Presenting a negative consequence after an undesired behavior is exhibited, making the behavior less likely to happen in the future

Question 22

Negative Punishment

Answer 22

Removing a desired stimulus after particular undesired behavior is exhibited, resulting in reducing behavior in future

Question 23

Learned Helplessness

Answer 23

Giving up after consistent and misused punishment

Question 24

Instinctive Drift

Answer 24

When instincts interfere with conditioning

Question 25

Latent Learning

Answer 25

Learning without trying to learn

Question 26

Cognitive Maps

Answer 26

Use cues from environment to map their way

Question 27

Insight Learning

Answer 27

Ah ha! moment

Question 28

Mirror Neurons

Answer 28

Include frontal lobe neurons that some scientists believe fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so