Unit Exam 5

Question 1

Which of the following statements is MOST accurate?

Select one:

a. Since Freud’s time, all forms of treatment for psychological disorders have involved verbal interaction.
b. The first systematic psychotherapy procedure was Freud’s method of psychoanalysis.
c. All psychotherapies employ essentially the same method of treatment.
d. Insight therapy is the most effective method for treating psychological disorders.

Answer 1

b. The first systematic psychotherapy procedure was Freud’s method of psychoanalysis.

Question 2

What is the basic learning principle used in Wolpe’s systematic desensitization?

Select one:

a. operant conditioning
b. counterconditioning
c. negative reinforcement
d. positive reinforcement

Answer 2

b. counterconditioning

Question 3

What is tardive dyskinesia?

Select one:

a. a disorder that emerges after long-term use of lithium
b. a neurological disorder marked by involuntary writhing and tic-like movements
c. a serious side effect of long-term use of antidepressant drugs
d. a disorder that can be cured with the same medication used to treat schizophrenia

Answer 3

b. a neurological disorder marked by involuntary writhing and tic-like movements

Question 4

Clive is a clinical psychologist and his sister Grace is a psychiatrist. As such, which of the following statements is MOST likely to be TRUE?

Select one:

a. Clive is more likely to treat young children, while Grace would treat more adults.
b. Clive would deal with patients who have more severe problems than the patients Grace usually sees.
c. Clive would take a psychoanalytic approach in treating patients, while Grace would take a behavioural approach.
d. Clive would have a degree in psychology, while Grace would have a degree in medicine.

Answer 4

d. Clive would have a degree in psychology, while Grace would have a degree in medicine.

Question 5

Which of the following academic degrees is NOT associated with being a psychologist?

Select one:

a. Ph.D.
b. Ed.D.
c. M.D.
d. Psy.D.

Answer 5

c. M.D.

Question 6

Which of the following therapies are mainly intended to eliminate symptoms rather than alter personality?

Select one:

a. psychoanalysis and client-centred therapy
b. client-centred therapies and behaviour therapies
c. REF: p. 709. behaviour and drug therapies.
d. psychoanalysis and drug therapies

Answer 6

c. REF: p. 709. behaviour and drug therapies.

Question 7

Which of the following treatment methods is based on the idea that you can’t be profoundly relaxed and fearful at the same time?

Select one:

a. systematic desensitization
b. behaviour modification
c. successive goal approximations
d. psychodynamic activation

Answer 7

c. successive goal approximations

Question 8

What does the trend of deinstitutionalization represent?

Select one:

a. Whenever possible, people with mental illness should be treated at community-based facilities that emphasize outpatient care.
b. Hospitalization for mental illness has become a thing of the past.
c. The environment inside mental hospitals is designed to be less structured and rigid.
d. Mental hospitals should take increased responsibility for the treatment of all clients, even those who are not seriously ill.

Answer 8

a. Whenever possible, people with mental illness should be treated at community-based facilities that emphasize outpatient care.

Question 9

Dr. Jefferson often treats individuals who have symptoms of major depression. During the initial treatment, Dr. Jefferson often prescribes antidepressants, but during the course of therapy, he also encourages patients to recognize and change negative thoughts and maladaptive beliefs. He believes that drug treatment can be effective in reducing the symptoms of depression, but only by understanding the causes of their depression will individuals be able to prevent relapses. Which of the following approaches is consistent with Dr. Jefferson’s approach to therapy?

Select one:

a. humanistic
b. eclectic
c. deinstitutional
d. behavioural

Answer 9

b. eclectic

Question 10

In therapy, Sarah is learning to appreciate the little things in her life and to focus on personal growth. Which of the following theoretical approaches is consistent with this type of therapy?

Select one:

a. psychodynamic theory
b. structuralism
c. behaviourism
d. positive psychology

Answer 10

d. positive psychology

Question 11

Which of the following is TRUE of electroconvulsive shock therapy (ECT)?

Select one:

a. It is used primarily for the treatment of schizophrenia.
b. It is a useful method of inducing compliance.
c. It is one of the key components in aversion therapy.
d. It involves the use of shock to produce a cortical seizure.

Answer 11

d. It involves the use of shock to produce a cortical seizure.

Question 12

Charlene confesses to her father that she lied about where she had been on the weekend. Her father tells Charlene that he loves her, but that he doesn’t approve of her lying. According to Carl Rogers, which quality does Charlene’s father display?

Select one:

a. validity
b. unconditional positive regard
c. selective abstraction
d. empathy

Answer 12

b. unconditional positive regard

Question 13

Client: “I’ve had a bad week. I’m really down.” Therapist: “You’ve had some unpleasant experiences lately and are feeling quite depressed as a result.” What is the therapist’s statement in this interaction intended to communicate to the client?

Select one:

a. unconditional positive regard
b. empathy
c. disapproval
d. genuineness

Answer 13

b. empathy

Question 14

Nancy has just begun taking antidepressant medication to treat her symptoms of depression. She took her first dose about 12 hours ago, but so far her family sees no change in her condition. What advice should they be given?

Select one:
a. She may have been misdiagnosed.
.b Patients usually don’t begin responding to antidepressant drugs for at least a week or two.
c. If she doesn’t show improvement in another 12 hours, a different kind of medication should be tried.
d. Early changes due to antidepressant medication are usually not apparent to nonprofessionals, who are unfamiliar with the signs of improvement.

Answer 14

.b Patients usually don’t begin responding to antidepressant drugs for at least a week or two.

Question 15

Most experts believe that for certain types of psychological problems, some treatment approaches are more effective than others. According to Seligman, which approach is MOST effective for obsessive-compulsive disorder?

Select one:

a. behaviour therapy or medication
b. group therapy or minimally supportive therapy
c. cognitive therapy or insight therapy
d. systematic desensitization or aversive therapy

Answer 15

a. behaviour therapy or medication

Question 16

Tasha has been in psychotherapy for just over a year. Lately, she has started to express a strong sexual desire for her therapist. Unconsciously, she is acting toward him the way she wishes she could act toward her own husband. According to Freud, what does Tasha’s behaviour represent?

Select one:

a. transference
b. resistance
c. free association
d. defensive neurosis

Answer 16

a. transference

Question 17

Price has had several episodes of severe depression, but for the past week he has been euphoric and hyperactive, and he hasn’t slept for the past four nights. His family is concerned, and they have brought him to a mental health clinic for treatment. If the doctor who sees him prescribes medication to reduce Price’s current symptoms, the doctor is MOST likely to prescribe

Select one:

a. a drug from the benzodiazepine family.
b. a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor.
c. a tricyclic drug.
d. lithium.

Answer 17

d. lithium.

Question 18

Which type of treatment uses modeling, behavioural rehearsal, and shaping as its major tools?

Select one:

a. rational-emotive therapy
b. insight-rehearsal training
c. cognitive restructuring
d. social skills training

Answer 18

d. social skills training

Question 19

Belle has a Master’s degree, and she provides counselling and support to patients who have recently received treatment at a mental health facility. Belle would most likely describe herself as

Select one:

a. a psychiatrist.
b. a clinical social worker.
c. a psychiatric nurse.
d. a counselling psychologist.

Answer 19

b. a clinical social worker.

Question 20

Which of the following represents a valid criticism of the use of drugs to treat mental disorders?

Select one:

a. Drugs are simply sedating patients rather than treating them, and drug treatments are very expensive.
b. Psychoactive drugs may produce superficial treatment but do not provide a cure, as evidenced by high relapse rates when the drug is discontinued.
c. Drugs appear to be effective only because they are prescribed to individuals who are likely to experience spontaneous remission.
d. Psychoactive drugs are all very addictive, and there is a large withdrawal effect when the drugs are discontinued.

Answer 20

b. Psychoactive drugs may produce superficial treatment but do not provide a cure, as evidenced by high relapse rates when the drug is discontinued.

Question 21

Maureen was trying to decide which one of two national brand computers to buy. She was pretty well set on buying the “Brand A” computer when one of her friends mentioned that Kevin Costner did commercials endorsing “Brand B.” Maureen decides to buy the “Brand B” computer, based on the assumption that Kevin Costner wouldn’t endorse anything that wasn’t top quality. In this instance, what did Maureen use to reach her decision?

Select one:

a. central route to persuasion
b. self-serving route to persuasion
c. cognitive dissonance model of persuasion
d. peripheral route to persuasion

Answer 21

d. peripheral route to persuasion

Question 22

Frasier felt his life was hopeless, so he climbed out onto a bridge deck, planning to commit suicide. Initially, about 40 people stood and pointed at him as he clung to the railing on the bridge, but after 30 minutes most of the crowd had dispersed. When only three people remained, one of the onlookers decided to call for help. Why did someone call for help when the crowd was small, rather than when the crowd was large?

Select one:

a. Cognitive dissonance decreases as the size of a group is decreased.
b. Group polarization is less likely to occur in small groups.
c. Diffusion of responsibility is less likely to occur in a small group.
d. Small groups tend to be less cohesive than larger groups.

Answer 22

c. Diffusion of responsibility is less likely to occur in a small group.

Question 23

Greer and Neil have been married for 15 years. They have an extremely warm and trusting relationship, and even though Neil frequently travels on business, Greer never worries about him seeing other women. According to Hatfield and Berscheid, what type of love is this?

Select one:

a. companionate
b. reciprocal
c. consummate
d. passionate

Answer 23

a. companionate

Question 24

What is the term for widely held beliefs about groups of people based on their group membership?

Select one:

a. stereotypes
b. schematizing
c. cognitive structuring
d. cultural direction

Answer 24

a. stereotypes

Question 25

Pierre is a moderately attractive 16-year-old boy. The high school that he attends is holding a “Sadie Hawkins” dance where the girls ask the boys to the dance. He is hoping to be asked to the dance by either Whitney or Tammy. Whitney is moderately attractive; Tammy is extremely attractive. Which of the following is likely, based on the evidence from studies that have investigated physical attractiveness and dating?

Select one:

a. Both girls will ask Pierre to the dance, because women are less likely than men to consider attractiveness in selecting partners.
b. Tammy will ask Pierre to the dance, because people tend to select partners who are slightly less attractive than themselves.
c. Neither girl will ask Pierre to the dance, because people tend to select partners who are more attractive than themselves.
d. Whitney will ask Pierre to the dance, because people tend to select partners who match their own level of attractiveness.

Answer 25

d. Whitney will ask Pierre to the dance, because people tend to select partners who match their own level of attractiveness.

Question 26

Sharon has met three musicians who had full beards, and she has also met three musicians who were clean-shaven. Still, she believes that most musicians have beards. Sharon’s belief reflects

Select one:

a. an illusory correlation.
b. the fundamental attribution error.
c. an egocentric slant.
d. a confirmation bias.

Answer 26

a. an illusory correlation.

Question 27

Which of the following statements regarding the influence of culture on conformity and obedience is MOST accurate?

Select one:

a. Studies of conformity and obedience have yielded virtually identical results across a variety of cultures.
b. Replications of Milgram’s obedience study in other countries have generally resulted in low levels of obedience.
c. Collectivistic cultures tend to encourage more conformity than individualistic cultures.
d. Conformity and obedience appear to be unique to North American culture.

Answer 27

c. Collectivistic cultures tend to encourage more conformity than individualistic cultures.

Question 28

Laura is planning to buy a new car, and she is trying to decide between a Ford and a Honda. Based on the research into factors that influence persuasion, who should Laura find MOST persuasive?

Select one:

a. her mother, because family members are more persuasive than strangers
b. a Honda salesperson who recommends buying a Honda
c. her boyfriend, because males are more persuasive than females
d. a Ford salesperson who recommends buying a Honda rather than a Ford

Answer 28

d. a Ford salesperson who recommends buying a Honda rather than a Ford

Question 29

Simply repeating a message causes it to be perceived as more true. This finding is called the

Select one:

a. contrast effect.
b. exposure effect.
c. validity effect.
d. reiteration effect.

Answer 29

c. validity effect.

Question 30

Kara has noticed that every time she eats out on her own, she chooses a pizza place over fast food places that serve burgers and fries. Consequently, Kara decides she must really prefer pizzas to burgers and fries. What does this example illustrate?

Select one:

a. self-perception theory
b. observational learning theory
c. cognitive dissonance theory
d. fundamental attribution error

Answer 30

a. self-perception theory

Question 31

Carisa was born and raised in a traditional Latin American culture; Olga was born and raised in an industrialized western city. Based on evidence from cross-cultural studies comparing individualistic and collectivist cultures, which of the following is likely TRUE of Carisa compared to Olga?

Select one:

a. Carisa is less likely to experience cognitive dissonance.
b. Carisa is more prone to the fundamental attribution error.
c. Carisa is less prone to the fundamental attribution error.
d. Carisa is more likely to experience cognitive dissonance.

Answer 31

c. Carisa is less prone to the fundamental attribution error.

Question 32

In Milgram’s research on obedience, what did the experimenter do to the teacher when the teacher questioned whether the experiment should continue?

Select one:

a. The teacher was given verbal prompts to continue.
b. The teacher was shocked.
c. The teacher was verbally abused.
d. The teacher was requested to change places with the learner

Answer 32

a. The teacher was given verbal prompts to continue.

Question 33

When children are shown photos of other children, they attribute positive traits based on

Select one:

a. gender rather than attractiveness.
b. familiarity rather than attractiveness.
c. attractiveness rather than other factors.
d. age rather than other factors.

Answer 33

c. attractiveness rather than other factors.

Question 34

The makers of the new Adobe automobile are sick and tired of TV commercials that rely on images of sex and “life in the fast lane” to sell cars. Besides, they believe that if their commercials simply present the true facts about why their car is the best on the market, potential buyers are more likely to develop a long-lasting preference for the Adobe. Which of the following is illustrated by a “fact-based” marketing strategy?

Select one:

a. autonomic route to persuasion
b. peripheral route to persuasion
c. central route to persuasion
d. somatic route to persuasion

Answer 34

c. central route to persuasion

Question 35

If you tend to overemphasize internal characteristics in explaining the behaviour of others, which of the following describes your explanations?

Select one:

a. fundamental attribution error
b. false consensus effect
c. situational attributional tendency
d. self-serving bias

Answer 35

a. fundamental attribution error

Question 36

Sean Jones is a basketball player who had been hired by a major cereal manufacturer to promote one of its brands of cereal. Last week Sean received national coverage when he was arrested for drunk driving. This week the cereal manufacturer cancelled the remainder of his contract. Based on the research into factors that influence persuasion, why did the company cancel Sean’s contract?

Select one:

a. People will now perceive Sean as being less of an expert on nutrition.
b. Sean’s likeability will probably decrease.
c. People will now perceive Sean as being less physically attractive.
d. Sean will likely lose his job.

Answer 36

b. Sean’s likeability will probably decrease.

Question 37

The _____________ of an attitude refers to how often one thinks about it and how easily it comes to mind.

Select one:

a. accessibility
b. strength
c. distinctiveness
d. ambivalence

Answer 37

a. accessibility

Question 38

Samantha had not really thought much about who she would vote for in the election, but for the entire month before the election, she constantly heard messages saying: “Vote for Don Green. He’s the best person for the job.” On election day, after voting for Don Green, she told her friends that she believed he truly was the best candidate. What does this example illustrate?

Select one:

a. exemplars
b. source effects
c. the validity effect
d. efficacy of one-sided arguments

Answer 38

c. the validity effect

Question 39

If Stanley holds the implicit attitude that men are smarter than women, what is likely to happen if he completes the Implicit Association Test?

Select one:

a. He will respond more quickly to the pairing of a female face with the word smart.
b. He will respond more slowly to the pairing of a female face with the word smart.
c. He will respond more slowly to all pairings that include a female face.
d. He will respond more quickly to all pairings that include a female face.

Answer 39

b. He will respond more slowly to the pairing of a female face with the word smart.

Question 40

When is groupthink likely to occur?

Select one:

a. when the group does not have a designated leader
b. when the individuals in the group are individualistic
c. when the group is under pressure to make a major decision
d. when the group must justify its decision to other groups in the same organization

Answer 40

c. when the group is under pressure to make a major decision

Question 41

Gil has a psychological disorder, and his doctor has prescribed an antipsychotic drug to reduce the severity of Gil’s symptoms. What is Gil MOST likely being treated for in this case?

Select one:

a. mild depression
b. generalized anxiety disorder
c. schizophrenia
d. panic disorder

Answer 41

c.schizophrenia

Question 42

Lance tells his therapist, “My whole world is a mess, and nobody cares for me or is concerned about what happens to me.” Lance’s therapist knows that Lance has many friends who are concerned about him, but she tells him, “I understand why you might feel that way right now, and it must be difficult for you to deal with your feelings of abandonment.” In this interaction, what quality does Lance’s therapist display?

Select one:

a. clarification
b. unconditional positive regard
c. empathy
d. genuineness

Answer 42

c.empathy

Question 43

Which of the following would be a behaviour therapist’s major concern in treating an abnormal behaviour?

Select one:

a. the inappropriate thought patterns that underlie the behaviour
b. the childhood unconscious conflict that led to the behaviour
c. how situational factors are evoking the troublesome behaviour
d. the ways in which the behaviour keeps the client from becoming self-actualized

Answer 43

c.how situational factors are evoking the troublesome behaviour

Question 44

In systematic desensitization, what type of response is supposed to replace the fear response?

Select one:

a. cognitive response
b. unconditioned response
c. relaxation response
d. defensive response

Answer 44

c.relaxation response

Question 45

Why has the use of pre-frontal lobotomy as a treatment for mental disorders decreased over the past century?

Select one:

a. Powerful drug treatments have been developed, and drug treatments are less invasive than psychosurgery.
b. None of the surgical procedures that were formerly used resulted in any real improvement, so they were all abandoned.
c. Pre-frontal lobotomy has been banned by the United Nations.
d. It has been determined that this procedure is the best treatment for a number of subtypes of schizophrenia, but there are few individuals with those disorders.

Answer 45

a.Powerful drug treatments have been developed, and drug treatments are less invasive than psychosurgery.

Question 46

What are the two major anti-anxiety drugs or tranquillizers?

Select one:

a. Prozac and Zoloft
b. Valium and Xanax
c. Thorazine and Haldol
d. Elavil and Nardil

Answer 46

b.Valium and Xanax

Question 47

Which of the following statements about group therapy is LEAST accurate?

Select one:

a. The therapist may share his or her personal experiences and feelings with the group.
b. Therapy groups typically consist of four to 15 participants.
c. Group participants essentially function as therapists for one another.
d. Group therapy is typically more expensive than individual therapy.

Answer 47

d.Group therapy is typically more expensive than individual therapy.

Question 48

Monica is being treated for depression. She goes to regular sessions with a therapist who uses rational emotive therapy, and she is also taking an antidepressant medication. What does this example illustrate?

Select one:

a. eclectic therapy
b. off-label prescription
c. a sham therapy procedure
d. a placebo-control condition

Answer 48

a.eclectic therapy

Question 49

Vicki is seeing a therapist to help her work through the troubles in her relationship with her father. During her meetings with the therapist, the two of them often engage in lengthy verbal interactions, and the therapist tries to help Vicki work through a variety of potential solutions for the problems she faces. Which type of therapy is MOST consistent with this approach?

Select one:

a. behaviour
b. homeopathic
c. insight
d. biomedical

Answer 49

c.insight

Question 50

What is the purpose of using the anxiety hierarchy in systematic desensitization?

Select one:

a. It delays transfer of treatment to real-life situations.
b. It allows a gradual approach to the feared object.
c. It allows for the use of real objects instead of imagination.
d. It forces direct confrontation with the feared object.

Answer 50

b.It allows a gradual approach to the feared object.

Question 51

What is the term for recovery from a disorder without formal treatment?

Select one:

a. reified recovery
b. placebo effect
c. countertransference
d. spontaneous remission

Answer 51

d.spontaneous remission

Question 52

You know that your friend is going to receive treatment using deep brain stimulation Which of the following types of disorders would this treatment be used for?

Select one:

a. mood disorders like depression or dysthymia
b. psychotic disorders like schizophrenia
c. anxiety disorders like obsessive compulsive disorder
d. motor disorders like Parkinson’s or tardive dyskinesia

Answer 52

d.motor disorders like Parkinson’s or tardive dyskinesia

Question 53

Which of the following is NOT a suggestion for improving mental health services for North American minority groups?

Select one:

a. recruitment and training of more ethnic minority therapists
b. some modifications in traditional approaches to therapy
c. provision of free therapeutic services for all ethnic clients
d. giving therapists special training in cultural sensitivity

Answer 53

c.provision of free therapeutic services for all ethnic clients

Question 54

elicity scored 98 per cent on her first statistics exam, while Baxter scored only 35 per cent. Felicity studied really hard in an attempt to score 100 per cent on the next exam. Baxter decided he wasn’t going to be successful in the course, so he didn’t study at all. On the second exam, Felicity scored 89 per cent, while Baxter scored 42 per cent. Which of the following does this reflect?

Select one:

a. Both Felicity’s and Baxter’s scores reflect the impact of a self-fulfilling prophecy.
b. Felicity is experiencing a “sophomore slump,” while Baxter is experiencing a “junior jump.”
c. Both Felicity and Baxter experienced a placebo effect.
d. Both Felicity’s and Baxter’s scores reflect regression toward the mean.

Answer 54

d.Both Felicity’s and Baxter’s scores reflect regression toward the mean.

Question 55

You are watching a television documentary that shows a patient who is undergoing electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). If this documentary is depicting modern treatment (within the past decade or so), then which of the following is MOST likely?

Select one:

a. The patient is being treated for severe schizophrenia that has not responded to medication.
b. The documentary is inaccurate because electroconvulsive shock therapy hasn’t been used since the 1970s.
c. The documentary is an “undercover exposé,” and the doctor administrating the treatment is in violation of current ethical guidelines.
d. The patient is being treated for severe depression that has not responded to medication.

Answer 55

d.The patient is being treated for severe depression that has not responded to medication.

Question 56

Ariana’s doctor has recently prescribed a drug that slows the reuptake process at serotonin synapses. What is Ariana MOST likely being treated for?

Select one:

a. depression
b. schizophrenia
c. somatoform disorder
d. bipolar disorder

Answer 56

a.depression

Question 57

Claude has been seeing a therapist in an attempt to finally stop smoking. The therapist has described a number of specific techniques that Claude might try to eliminate his behaviour of smoking. Which type of therapy is MOST consistent with this approach?

Select one:

a. biomedical
b. insight
c. homeopathic
d. behaviour

Answer 57

d.behaviour

Question 58

Which of the following is TRUE of antipsychotic drugs?

Select one:

a. They are effective in about 95 per cent of psychotic patients.
b. They are often prescribed even for individuals who have no clinical psychotic disorder.
c. They tend to produce immediate, but short-lasting, effects.
d. They gradually reduce psychotic symptoms such as hallucinations and delusions.

Answer 58

d.They gradually reduce psychotic symptoms such as hallucinations and delusions.

Question 59

Jennifer’s doctor has recently prescribed a drug that alters the activity in dopamine synapses. What is Jennifer MOST likely being treated for?

Select one:

a. schizophrenia
b. depression
c. anxiety disorder
d. bipolar disorder

Answer 59

a.schizophrenia

Question 60

Which of the following “behaviours” is incompatible with anxiety and is used in systematic desensitization in an attempt to recondition phobic cues?

Select one:

a. vigorous exercise
b. deep muscle relaxation
c. imagined fear
d. imagined pleasant experience

Answer 60

b.deep muscle relaxation

Question 61

According to Hazan and Shaver’s model of infant attachment and romantic love, adults with ____________________ attachment styles are MOST likely to report more intense emotional highs and lows in their romantic relationships.

Select one:

a. anxious-ambivalent
b. secure
c. insecure
d. avoidant

Answer 61

a.anxious-ambivalent

Question 62

When advertisers use extremely attractive models to demonstrate their products, what are they using to change consumers’ attitudes?

Select one:

a. classical conditioning
b. reinforcement
c. observational learning
d. punishment

Answer 62

a.classical conditioning

Question 63

When Jen started her new job at the library, she started dressing more conservatively and also started wearing her glasses to work instead of wearing her contact lenses. Her friends say that she has become quieter and more serious since starting the job. Which of the following has likely influenced the change in Jen’s behaviour and appearance?

Select one:

a. her perception of the social role of a librarian
b. her desire to be obedient
c. avoidance of social stigma
d. pressure by her employer to conform

Answer 63

a.her perception of the social role of a librarian

Question 64

Jeff, Greg, Dan, and Ray all watched as the building across the street burned to the ground. They kept waiting for the fire trucks to show up, even though none of them had called 911. In this case, the fact that none of the four friends phoned to report the fire illustrates

Select one:

a. social loafing.
b. the self-fulfilling prophecy.
c. the bystander effect.
d. group polarization.

Answer 64

c.the bystander effect.

Question 65

According to the elaboration likelihood model, which type of messages are MOST likely to produce lasting attitude change?

Select one:

a. messages that choose the generic path
b. messages that activate the parasympathetic route
c. messages that take the peripheral route
d. messages that take the central route

Answer 65

d.messages that take the central route

Question 66

In Milgram’s research on obedience, when did Milgram find that subjects’ obedience declined dramatically?

Select one:

a. when group size was increased beyond seven members
b. when an innocent stranger was harmed by the subjects’ actions
c. when another “teacher” defied the experimenter’s order
d. when the study was conducted in a run-down, dilapidated building

Answer 66

c.when another “teacher” defied the experimenter’s order

Question 67

Which of the following terms is defined as yielding to real or imagined social pressure?

Select one:

a. cognitive dissonance
b. conformity
c. obedience
d. groupthink

Answer 67

b.conformity

Question 68

What is the term for denying a person equal social treatment based on his or her group membership?

Select one:

a. prejudice
b. social scaling
c. chauvinism
d. discrimination

Answer 68

d.discrimination

Question 69

Phyllis is playing in a basketball game, and when she makes a three-point shot, she is ecstatic. She proudly tells her coach that it shows how all her extra practice has paid off. However, later in the game Phyllis misses an almost identical shot. This time she explains to her coach that she was distracted by one of the opposing players. What do Phyllis’s attributions illustrate?

Select one:

a. actor-observer bias
b. self-serving bias
c. matching hypothesis
d. fundamental attribution error

Answer 69

b.self-serving bias

Question 70

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of groupthink?

Select one:

a. censoring information that contradicts the group’s views
b. gathering all the relevant information before making a decision
c. dividing the world into the ingroup and the outgroup
d. censoring dissent from group members

Answer 70

b.gathering all the relevant information before making a decision

Question 71

What types of attributions do people tend to make about other people, based on attractiveness?

Select one:

a. People tend to be less trusting of attractive individuals.
b. People equate attractiveness with positive traits.
c. People tend to perceive attractive people as nicer, but less competent.
d. People often impose a behavioural penalty on attractive individuals.

Answer 71

b.People equate attractiveness with positive traits.

Question 72

Marsha believes that all news reporters are cynical, doubting individuals who would sell their souls for an exclusive story. In this case, Marsha’s beliefs reflect

Select one:

a. the fundamental attribution error.
b. a confirmation bias.
c. a stereotype.
d. the matching hypothesis.

Answer 72

c.a stereotype

Question 73

Skye scored 100 per cent on her statistics midterm. According to Weiner’s attributional model, if Skye makes an internal-stable attribution for her success, which of the following statements is she MOST likely to say?

Select one:

a. “The professor makes the whole course so easy to understand that it is virtually impossible to do poorly in the class.”
b. “I was calm and relaxed the day of the exam because I was able to get a good night’s sleep the night before the exam.”
c. “It was just good luck that most of the exam was on the material I had time to study.”
d. “I have always been good at statistics; I guess I just have a natural ability in that area.”

Answer 73

d.“I have always been good at statistics; I guess I just have a natural ability in that area.”

Question 74

As you’re shopping you see a woman yelling at the manager of a clothing store. Given the actor-observer bias, how is your interpretation of the event most likely to differ from the interpretation of the yelling woman?

Select one:

a. The yelling woman is more likely to perceive the situation as being the cause of her aggressive behaviour.
b. The yelling woman is more likely to be accurate about the cause of her behaviour.
c. You are more likely to be accurate about the cause of the yelling woman’s behaviour.
d. You are more likely to make an external attribution about the cause of the yelling woman’s behaviour.

Answer 74

a.The yelling woman is more likely to perceive the situation as being the cause of her aggressive behaviour.

Question 75

Newton believes that all airline pilots are calm, cool individuals who never get excited or show strong emotional responses. Newton’s beliefs reflect

Select one:

a. a confirmation bias.
b. a stereotype.
c. the fundamental attribution error.
d. the matching hypothesis.

Answer 75

b.a stereotype.

Question 76

In trying to understand why some ethnic neighbourhoods are dominated by poverty, people often infer that the residents are lazy and unmotivated. What does this type of inference illustrate?

Select one:

a. stable global attribution
b. inverse discrimination
c. stable external attribution
d. fundamental attribution error

Answer 76

d.fundamental attribution error

Question 77

Alphonse failed his geology midterm. According to Weiner’s attributional model, if Alphonse makes an external-unstable attribution for his failure, which of the following statements is he MOST likely to say?

Select one:

a. “I just can’t seem to catch on in my geology classes, and I don’t think I’ll ever learn all those terms.”
b. “That professor has impossible exams; if I retake the class with a different professor I’ll probably do much better.”
c. “It was just bad luck that most of the exam was on the one chapter I didn’t study.”
d. “I was really tired during the exam because I had to work the late shift the night before the exam.”

Answer 77

c.“It was just bad luck that most of the exam was on the one chapter I didn’t study.”

Question 78

Deanna wore blue jeans and brought potato salad to the company picnic. She was surprised to see that all the men were wearing suits and ties, and all the women were wearing summer dresses. The meal was served on china with crystal drinking glasses. Deanna was surprised, because the event

Select one:

a. activated the fundamental attribution error.
b. triggered a confirmation bias.
c. was outside her latitude of acceptance.
d. didn’t match her social schema for picnics.

Answer 78

d.didn’t match her social schema for picnics.

Question 79

Virginia has a favourable attitude toward aerobics and working out. Just the thought of her daily workout is enough to make Virginia feel good, and she finds that when she is at the gym she feels much more relaxed and much less stressed. What component of Virginia’s attitude toward working out is reflected by her feelings?

Select one:

a. physiological
b. affective
c. behavioural
d. cognitive

Answer 79

b.affective

Question 80

What is the self-serving bias?

Select one:

a. attributing our successes to external causes and our failures to internal causes
b. attributing our successes to consensus and our failures to uniqueness
c. attributing our successes to dispositional causes and our failures to situational causes
d. attributing our successes to ego strength and our failures to ego weakness

Answer 80

c.attributing our successes to dispositional causes and our failures to situational causes