Unit Exam 1

Question 1

Which of the following was a major focus of study for structuralists, but not for functionalists?

Select one:

a. effectiveness of educational practices
b. sensation and perception
c. development in children
d. mental testing

Answer 1

B.) sensation and perception

Question 2

In an attempt to learn something about his conscious experience, William looked at an abstract painting and wrote down all of his impressions as they came to him. What is this technique called?

Select one:

a. retrospection
b. empiricism
c. introspection
d. psychoanalysis

Answer 2

C.) introspection

Question 3

Dr. Edward believes that to fully understand complex processes such as taste, it is necessary to understand the role that taste plays in survival, rather than knowing the elementary components that combine to produce taste sensations. Dr. Edward’s views are most consistent with the

Select one:

a. structuralist approach.
b. behaviourist approach.
c. functionalist approach.
d. psychoanalytic approach.

Answer 3

C.) functionalist approach.

Question 4

Currently, a large proportion of the North American population is overweight. Dr. Anderson thinks that this may be due to an innate preference for foods that are rich in fats and sugars. Dr. Anderson has suggested that in times when foods were not so readily available, this innate preference would help ensure the ingestion of enough calories for energy and survival. Which type of psychologist is Dr. Anderson?

Select one:

a. cognitive
b. behavioural
c. evolutionary
d. cross-cultural

Answer 4

b. behavioural

Question 5

What term did William James use to describe a continuous flow of thoughts?

Select one:

a. existential awareness
b. stream of consciousness
c. transcendental meditation
d. phenomenological awareness

Answer 5

b. stream of consciousness

Question 6

John B. Watson argued that psychologists should

Select one:

a. confine their work to people who are diagnosed as mentally ill.
b. use the method of introspection to establish the structural aspects of consciousness.
c. abandon the study of consciousness.
d. concern themselves with the intentionality of behavior.

Answer 6

c. abandon the study of consciousness.

Question 7

Which school of psychology takes the most optimistic view of human nature?

Select one:

a. structuralism
b. behaviorism
c. humanism
d. functionalism

Answer 7

c. humanism

Question 8

Which branch of psychology is concerned with practical, everyday problems?

Select one:

a. cognitive psychology
b. developmental psychology
c. applied psychology
d. abnormal psychology

Answer 8

c. applied psychology

Question 9

Which of the following is typical of “test-wise” students?

Select one:

a. They have a knack for identifying “trick” questions.
b. They are skilled at using clues contained within a test to improve their scores.
c. They are particularly knowledgeable about the subject matter being tested.
d. They tend to score high on standardized tests.

Answer 9

b. They are skilled at using clues contained within a test to improve their scores.

Question 10

What do humanists believe governs people’s behaviour?

Select one:

a. unconscious sexual urges
b. outcomes of an individual’s responses
c. biochemical processes
d. self-concepts

Answer 10

d. self-concepts

Question 11

Nature is to nurture as ______________ is to environment.

Select one:

a. experience
b. learning
c. heredity
d. behavior

Answer 11

c. heredity

Question 12

Which of the following is the best advice for developing sound study habits?

Select one:

a. Make yourself comfortable in your study area by having your favourite music playing.
b. Try to avoid interrupting your study time with breaks.
c. Tackle simple, routine tasks before taking on larger tasks.
d. Plan your study schedule in advance.

Answer 12

d. Plan your study schedule in advance.

Question 13

Micha tends to be very passive, and allows people to take advantage of him. What would a humanist most likely say about Micha?

Select one:

a. Micha simply needs to take an assertiveness training class in which he can learn and practice assertive behaviours.
b. Micha should undergo analysis so that he can begin to resolve whatever unconscious conflict is at the root of his passivity.
c. Micha will find it difficult to change because he probably has deep-seated feelings of inferiority.
d. Micha can become more assertive once he begins to feel better about himself and recognizes that he has the ability to fulfill his potential.

Answer 13

d. Micha can become more assertive once he begins to feel better about himself and recognizes that he has the ability to fulfill his potential.

Question 14

Which of the following conclusions is supported by research comparing “successful” students to “unsuccessful” students?

Select one:

a. Successful students and unsuccessful students attended class equally often.
b. Successful students attended class more often than unsuccessful students.
c. Successful students used an instructor’s office hours more than unsuccessful students.
d. Successful students made better use of the textbook than did unsuccessful students.

Answer 14

b. Successful students attended class more often than unsuccessful students.

Question 15

n criticizing the structuralists’ reliance on the method of introspection, William James argued that two people could view the same stimulus quite differently. Which unifying theme from your text does James’s argument illustrate?

Select one:

a. One’s experience of the world is highly subjective.
b. Psychology is empirical.
c. Psychology evolves in a sociohistorical context.
d. Heredity and environment jointly influence behaviour.

Answer 15

a. One’s experience of the world is highly subjective.

Question 16

Which of the following is best supported by the fact that your performance in this course will be affected by both personal and situational factors?

Select one:

a. multifactorial causation of behaviour approach
b. psychoanalytic approach to explaining behaviour
c. single-cause explanation of behaviour
d. dual-cause explanation of behaviour

Answer 16

a. multifactorial causation of behaviour approach

Question 17

If you were having problems with depression, which of the following kinds of psychologists would be most helpful to you?

Select one:

a. physiological psychologist
b. clinical psychologist
c. developmental psychologist
d. social psychologist

Answer 17

b. clinical psychologist

Question 18

Quan Lee recently lost her job at American Industries Inc. because she would often show up for important meetings 20 to 30 minutes late. She was confused about why this upset her boss because her relatives and friends from her home country are almost always late for appointments and meetings. What principle does Quan Lee’s confusion illustrate?

Select one:

a. Motives and expectations can colour experiences.
b. Cultural background exerts a considerable influence over behaviour.
c. Behaviour is determined by multiple causes.
d. Theoretical diversity is an important component in science.

Answer 18

b. Cultural background exerts a considerable influence over behaviour.

Question 19

What kind of psychologist is most likely to focus on how behaviour changes as a function of age?

Select one:

a. social psychologist
b. cognitive psychologist
c. developmental psychologist
d. physiological psychologist

Answer 19

c. developmental psychologist

Question 20

How might the term experimental psychologist be somewhat misleading?

Select one:

a. Experimental psychologists don’t actually conduct true experiments.
b. The research conducted in experimental psychology is well established.
c. Researchers in other areas of psychology also conduct experiments.
d. Experimental psychologists are also counsellors.

Answer 20

c. Researchers in other areas of psychology also conduct experiments.

Question 21

Reinhold is filling out a psychological test. As he reads each question, he thinks about the way most other people would probably respond. When he answers, he selects the option that he thinks will present the most favourable impression. What tendency will Reinhold’s answers reflect?

Select one:

a. placebo effect
b. social desirability bias
c. non-representative participation
d. negative response set

Answer 21

b. social desirability bias

Question 22

Dr. Hugo designs an experiment to test the effectiveness of a new antidepressant. Half of the participants will receive the drug and half will receive a sugar pill, but neither the participants nor the researchers who administer the drug will know who is receiving the drug and who is receiving the sugar pill. Dr. Hugo has designed

Select one:

a. a double-blind research study.
b. an unethical research procedure.
c. a study that will minimize self-report bias.
d. a correlational study with two confounded factors.

Answer 22

a. a double-blind research study.

Question 23

To be able to generalize results to a population, one must

Select one:

a. ensure that all the variables have been operationally defined.
b. select a biased sample from the population of interest.
c. oversample selected subgroups in the population.
d. draw a representative sample from the population of interest.

Answer 23

d. draw a representative sample from the population of interest.

Question 24

How are hypotheses typically expressed?

Select one:

a. as theories
b. as predictions
c. as statistics
d. as variables

Answer 24

b. as predictions

Question 25

Which of the following is FALSE regarding the experimental method?

Select one:

a. It is virtually impossible to conduct a true experiment with human beings.
b. It is impossible to manipulate certain variables.
c. It produces artificial situations that may not be applicable to real life.
d. It cannot be used to study certain issues.

Answer 25

a. It is virtually impossible to conduct a true experiment with human beings.

Question 26

Which of your textbook’s unifying themes is illustrated by the fact that subjects sometimes report beneficial effects from a placebo treatment?

Select one:

a. Behaviour is shaped by cultural heritage.
b. Heredity and environment jointly influence behaviour.
c. Psychology is empirical.
d. One’s experience of the world is highly subjective.

Answer 26

d. One’s experience of the world is highly subjective.

Question 27

Dr. Voegeli is testing the effects of a new diet supplement on the endurance levels of several groups of athletes. One group receives 50 ml per day of the supplement. A second group receives 50 ml per day of a substance that has no active component, but looks and tastes just like the supplement. A third group receives nothing at all. In this case, what would we call the second group?

Select one:

a. the experimental group
b. the comparison group
c. the control group
d. the placebo control group

Answer 27

d. the placebo control group

Question 28

Terry’s midterm test score falls at the 10th percentile. If there are 100 people in the class, how many scored the same or lower than Terry?

Select one:

a. 0%
b. 10%
c. 90%
d. 100%

Answer 28

b. 10%

Question 29

Dr. Malm predicts that if teachers ignore students who act up in class, fewer students will act up in class. What is the scientific term for Dr. Malm’s prediction?

Select one:

a. operational definition
b. inferential statistics
c. hypothesis
d. theory

Answer 29

c. hypothesis

Question 30

Dr. Greyeagle calculated descriptive statistics for the age of residents in a nursing home. She reported the mean age as 75 years, with a standard deviation of 10 years. Later, she found that she had made an error in her calculations. One resident’s age was entered as 27 when it should have been 72. When this correction is made, the standard deviation will

Select one:

a. decrease.
b. increase.
c. not change.
d. increase, but only if the mean remains the same.

Answer 30

a. decrease.

Question 31

To determine whether students would like more courses scheduled in the late-afternoon and evening hours, the Student Services department sends questionnaires to 50 students selected at random from the 5,000 who are registered at the campus. In this instance, what do we call the 5,000 students who are registered at the campus?

Select one:

a. an independent variable
b. the biased sample
c. the population
d. the representative sample

Answer 31

c. the population

Question 32

In a study of the effect of fatigue on task performance, participants were asked to complete a series of puzzles. One day, all participants completed puzzles after 24 hours without sleep. On another day, the same participants completed puzzles after sleeping for at least eight hours. What can be said about the research methods used in this study?

Select one:

a. The control and experimental groups were entirely confounded with one another.
b. There was no control group, so the study is seriously flawed.
c. Participants served as their own control group, to examine the effect of the independent variable under different conditions for the same individuals.
d. Participants provided their own matched controls, so the researchers were unable to determine whether the independent variable had any functional impact.

Answer 32

c. Participants served as their own control group, to examine the effect of the independent variable under different conditions for the same individuals.

Question 33

Dr. Prutherow believes that people who are under stress will develop more colds than people who are not under stress. When he randomly selected 10 participants and exposed them to high levels of stress, he found that nine of the participants developed colds. Based on these results, he concluded that stress causes an increase in colds. What is a fundamental flaw in Dr. Prutherow’s study?

Select one:

a. He didn’t measure the independent variable when the study ended.
b. There was no dependent variable in his study.
c. There was no control group for comparison.
d. He didn’t formulate a hypothesis before he collected his data.

Answer 33

c. There was no control group for comparison.

Question 34

When the scores for a recent chemistry exam were calculated, the mean was 60 and the median was 65. Later, the professor discovered that one score had been recorded incorrectly; it had been entered into the computer as a 5 instead of a 50. What will happen to the mean and median once the score is entered correctly?

Select one:

a. The mean for the exam will change, but the median will stay the same.
b. Neither the mean nor the median for the exam will be affected.
c. The median for the exam will change, but the mean will stay the same.
d. Both the mean and the median for the exam will change.

Answer 34

a. The mean for the exam will change, but the median will stay the same.

Question 35

What is the term for a standardized measure used to obtain a sample of a person’s behaviour?

Select one:

a. experiment
b. survey
c. case study
d. psychological test

Answer 35

d. psychological test

Question 36

Dr. Klassen is conducting a study on attitudes about drug use. She wants to administer a survey. Which of the following groups of issues should she pay most attention to when she is designing her study?

Select one:

a. random sampling, use of a control group, inferential statistics
b. representative sampling, self-report bias, response set
c. representative sampling, experimenter bias, ethics regarding deception
d. random assignment, experimenter bias, placebo effects

Answer 36

b. representative sampling, self-report bias, response set

Question 37

Carmella is in a class in which the scores on the second midterm exam ranged from 75 to 85 points. Conrad is taking the same course, but in his section, the scores ranged from 50 to 98 points. In this example, what can be said about the standard deviations in the two classes?

Select one:

a. The standard deviation will be lower in Carmella’s class than in Conrad’s class.
b. The standard deviations will be negatively correlated.
c. The standard deviation will be less predictable in Carmella’s class than in Conrad’s class.
d. If the number of students in each class is the same, the standard deviations will be the same.

Answer 37

a. The standard deviation will be lower in Carmella’s class than in Conrad’s class.

Question 38

Melvin and Leigh are interviewing students at their campus to determine whether the students agree or disagree with a proposed policy change. Melvin believes the proposed policy change is a good idea, but Leigh believes the change will be bad for students. Nearly all the students who Melvin interviewed supported the policy change, but nearly all the students who Leigh interviewed disapproved of the change. Which of the following research problems could account for the different results?

Select one:

a. placebo effects
b. double-blind procedures
c. confounded dependent variables
d. experimenter bias

Answer 38

d. experimenter bias

Question 39

What could we conclude if the correlation coefficient between amount of exposure to television violence and aggressive behaviour was found to be +0.43?

Select one:

a. Watching television violence tends to cause aggressive behaviour.
b. People who watch the most television violence tend to be the most aggressive.
c. Being an aggressive person tends to cause one to watch more violent television.
d. People who watch the most television violence tend to be the least aggressive.

Answer 39

b. People who watch the most television violence tend to be the most aggressive.

Question 40

The correlation coefficient measures

Select one:

a. the central tendency.
b. the degree of relationship between two variables.
c. the difference between the largest and smallest scores in a data set.
d. the amount of variability in a data set.

Answer 40

b. the degree of relationship between two variables.

Question 41

Caroline conducts research in which she systematically changes some aspect of the environment and then measures changes in observable behaviour. This approach to research is consistent with the basic ideas of the _____________ psychological perspective.

Select one:

a. cognitive
b. humanist
c. behaviourist
d. psychoanalytic

Answer 41

c. behaviourist

Question 42

The basic goal for the positive psychology approach is

Select one:

a. to have a positive impact on fields outside of psychology.
b. to create a more positive experience for psychologists.
c. to treat all patients with positive methods.
d. to understand the positive aspects of human behaviour and experience

Answer 42

d. to understand the positive aspects of human behaviour and experience

Question 43

Which school of psychology focused on identifying and examining the fundamental components of conscious experience, such as sensations, feelings, and images?

Select one:

a. humanism
b. structuralism
c. functionalism
d. behaviourism

Answer 43

b. structuralism

Question 44

Which of the following is good advice for someone about to take a multiple-choice test?

Select one:

a. Do the most difficult and time-consuming questions first.
b. Stick with your first answer.
c. Always read each question completely.
d. As you read the question, try to avoid the temptation to anticipate the answer.

Answer 44

c. Always read each question completely.

Question 45

According to John Watson, behaviour is governed primarily by

Select one:

a. heredity.
b. personal motives.
c. the environment.
d. unconscious desires.

Answer 45

c. the environment.

Question 46

Which psychology approach examines behavioural processes in terms of their adaptive value for a species over the course of many generations?

Select one:

a. physiological
b. cognitive
c. clinical
d. evolutionary

Answer 46

d. evolutionary

Question 47

What is the name of the approach that holds that knowledge should be acquired through observation?

Select one:

a. empiricism
b. structuralism
c. functionalism
d. nativism

Answer 47

a. empiricism

Question 48

Freud concluded that the dominant causes of psychological disturbances are

Select one:

a. conflicts between conscious desires and environmental constraints.
b. personal conflicts that exist at an unconscious level.
c. unrealistic demands from family and friends.
d. genetic predispositions to behave in a particular way.

Answer 48

b. personal conflicts that exist at an unconscious level.

Question 49

A recently published case study described a person who showed obsessive behaviour. Recordings of brain activity indicated that this individual also experienced a number of mild epileptic seizures each day. When the epileptic seizures were brought under control using medication, the obsessive behaviour also disappeared. Which type of psychologist would be most interested in this case study?

Select one:

a. cognitive
b. behavioural
c. humanistic
d. biological

Answer 49

d. biological

Question 50

Isabel is listening to a piece of classical music and is recording all her feelings and impressions as she experiences them. Which school of psychology is well-known for using this sort of technique?

Select one:

a. humanism
b. structuralism
c. functionalism
d. behaviourism

Answer 50

b. structuralism

Question 51

According to Sigmund Freud, an individual’s personality is largely determined by

Select one:

a. self-actualizing tendencies.
b. forces in the environment.
c. striving for superiority.
d. forces in the unconscious.

Answer 51

d. forces in the unconscious.

Question 52

According to empiricism, knowledge should be acquired through

Select one:

a. logical reasoning.
b. direct observation.
c. historical tradition.
d. common sense.

Answer 52

b. direct observation.

Question 53

Psychologists need to define all their research variables clearly, so that other researchers can objectively evaluate the results of the research. Which underlying theme does this aspect of psychology illustrate?

Select one:

a. Behaviour is determined by multiple causes.
b. One’s experience of the world is highly subjective.
c. Psychology evolves in a sociohistorical context.
d. Psychology is empirical.

Answer 53

d. Psychology is empirical.

Question 54

According to Dr. Conrad, many Asians feel uncomfortable with expressing emotions and disclosing personal information. He has made several suggestions for modifying psychological counselling that might benefit people from Asian backgrounds. Based on this information, you could infer that Dr. Conrad investigates

Select one:

a. the biological determinants of behaviour.
b. the impact of evolutionary factors in psychological functioning.
c. psychometrics and cognitive psychology.
d. the role of cultural factors in psychological processes.

Answer 54

d. the role of cultural factors in psychological processes.

Question 55

Which of the following terms refers to the mental processes involved in acquiring knowledge?

Select one:

a. introspection
b. pedagogy
c. empiricism
d. cognition

Answer 55

d. cognition

Question 56

Oliver is studying motivation in chimpanzees. His roommate doesn’t think that Oliver’s research will produce much useful information about human motivation because he believes that information from animal studies will not provide meaningful information about human experiences. Which perspective does Oliver’s roommate appear to take?

Select one:

a. cognitive
b. biological
c. humanistic
d. evolutionary

Answer 56

c. humanistic

Question 57

Which of the following groups of psychologists would be most likely to focus on individual uniqueness, freedom, and potential for growth as a person?

Select one:

a. psychoanalysts
b. humanists
c. behaviourists
d. Gestaltists

Answer 57

b. humanists

Question 58

Janet trained her dog to sit on command by rewarding the dog’s sitting behaviour with dog biscuits and praise. Which psychological perspective’s principles did Janet use?

Select one:

a. psychoanalysis
b. humanism
c. functionalism
d. behaviourism

Answer 58

d. behaviourism

Question 59

Jenny conducts research on the effects of rewards on maze learning in rats. Jenny is most likely a

Select one:

a. cognitive psychologist.
b. Gestalt psychologist.
c. behaviourist.
d. functionalist.

Answer 59

c. behaviourist.

Question 60

In trying to understand the psychology of addiction, Dr. Jackson focuses on the neurochemical changes that occur, Dr. Fong focuses on the consequences that people experience for their behaviour, and Dr. Wenkle focuses on the cognitive processes that people use in choosing their actions. Which underlying theme does the different perspectives of these three professionals help to illustrate?

Select one:

a. One’s experience of the world is highly subjective.
b. Psychology evolves in a sociohistorical context.
c. Psychology is empirical.
d. Psychology is theoretically diverse.

Answer 60

d. Psychology is theoretically diverse.

Question 61

What type of statistics is used to summarize and organize data?

Select one:

a. computational
b. numerical
c. descriptive
d. inferential

Answer 61

c. descriptive

Question 62

Diaz conducts a decision-making experiment to determine whether people reason more logically when they have more time to decide. All the participants who were under 40 were allowed 15 minutes to reach a decision about a problem. All the participants who were over 40 were allowed 20 minutes to reach a decision about the same problem. What is the problem with this experimental design?

Select one:

a. The age of the participants is confounded with the independent variable.
b. There are two control groups and no experimental group.
c. There is no dependent variable in the experiment.
d. The time allowed for the decision is confounded with the independent variable.

Answer 62

a. The age of the participants is confounded with the independent variable.

Question 63

A group of students are administered a series of written questions designed to assess their attitudes, opinions, and behaviour related to studying. What is this method called?

Select one:

a. a psychological test
b. a questionnaire
c. a paper-based interview
d. a direct written observation

Answer 63

b. a questionnaire

Question 64

Zigfried Rosenblat, Jr. took part in a study on sexual deviance last year. He was somewhat dismayed when he read an article in a weekly journal discussing sexual deviance in which one patient was referred to as ZRJ. Although the article claimed all names had been disguised to protect personal identities, Zigfried is convinced he is the individual described in the article. In this case, which ethical principle did the researchers likely violate?

Select one:

a. responsible caring
b. responsibility to society
c. respect for the dignity of persons
d. integrity in relationships

Answer 64

c. respect for the dignity of persons

Question 65

What does it mean to say that the results of an experiment are statistically significant?

Select one:

a. The results had practical significance.
b. Differences in measurements of the dependent variable resulted from chance variations.
c. Different results for the experimental and control groups were not due to chance.
d. The results were important enough to publish.

Answer 65

c. Different results for the experimental and control groups were not due to chance.

Question 66

What is the typical consequence of experimenter bias?

Select one:

a. The effects of the bias confirm the experimenter’s expectations.
b. The results of the study are not statistically significant.
c. There is evidence of the placebo effect in the results of the experimental group.
d. Experimenters often doubt their results when they first see them.

Answer 66

a. The effects of the bias confirm the experimenter’s expectations.

Question 67

Dr. Anishnabe designs a research study in which neither the subjects nor the research assistants who interact directly with the subjects know which is the control group and which is the experimental group. Dr. Anishnabe most likely chose this type of research design because

Select one:

a. it reduces the impact of experimenter bias.
b. it avoids the need to obtain ethics approval for the study.
c. it minimizes the possibility of self-report bias.
d. it ensures that the sample is not biased.

Answer 67

a. it reduces the impact of experimenter bias.

Question 68

NASA wanted to know whether extended periods of weightlessness would have an impact on long-term circulatory function. The agency located seven former astronauts who had spent more than one month in space under conditions of weightlessness, and tested all aspects of their cardiovascular function. What sort of research did NASA conduct in this situation?

Select one:

a. experimental research
b. survey research
c. case study research
d. correlational research

Answer 68

c. case study research

Question 69

What is the purpose of the control group?

Select one:

a. to isolate the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable
b. to correlate the dependent variable with the independent variables
c. to make statistical significance more likely
d. to make the experiment more complex

Answer 69

a. to isolate the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable

Question 70

A group of researchers wants to determine whether people are more likely to follow directions if the person giving the directions is in a uniform. Half the participants are directed to a parking spot by a uniformed security guard; the other half are directed to a parking spot by an individual wearing blue jeans and a t-shirt. In this study, what is the dependent variable?

Select one:

a. the gender of the person driving into the parking lot
b. the number of participants who park in the spot they are directed to
c. the type of clothing worn by the person giving the directions
d. the distance between the parking spot and the entrance

Answer 70

b. the number of participants who park in the spot they are directed to

Question 71

Researchers studying the effects of sleep deprivation tested the physical coordination skills of 25-year-old males who had been sleep deprived for 24, 36, or 48 hours. In this study, what is the dependent variable?

Select one:

a. the length of time the participants had been sleep deprived
b. the type of physical coordination task the researchers used
c. the age of the research participants
d. the physical coordination skills of the men in the study

Answer 71

d. the physical coordination skills of the men in the study

Question 72

To discover whether residents of a city are in favour of building a new sports stadium, the team’s owner randomly selected and interviewed 500 of the city’s 500,000 residents. In this instance, what do we call the 500 people whom the owner interviewed?

Select one:

a. the representative sample
b. the biased sample
c. the population
d. a dependent variable

Answer 72

a. the representative sample

Question 73

Of the following pairs, which pair contains two data collection techniques that are most likely to involve direct contact between the researcher and the research participant?

Select one:

a. direct observation and interviews
b. questionnaires and interviews
c. archival research and questionnaires
d. archival research and psychological testing

Answer 73

a. direct observation and interviews

Question 74

revor plans to study the relationship between individuals’ responses to highly stressful situations and their overall health. He decides he must use correlational research, rather than experimental research, to investigate this problem. What is the most likely reason that Trevor chose a correlational method?

Select one:

a. Correlational studies have higher internal validity than experiments.
b. Correlational research can be used to investigate factors that would be unethical to manipulate in an experimental study.
c. Correlational studies tend to be more accurate than experiments.
d. Correlational research can be used to study direct relationships, but not inverse or indirect relationships.

Answer 74

b. Correlational research can be used to investigate factors that would be unethical to manipulate in an experimental study.

Question 75

Dr. Macator predicts that people will act more aggressively during the heat waves of summer than they will during the cold spells of winter. Which of the following reflects Dr. Macator’s prediction?

Select one:

a. Temperature and aggression are uncorrelated.
b. Temperature and aggression are negatively correlated.
c. Temperature and aggression are positively correlated.
d. Temperature is independently correlated with aggression.

Answer 75

c. Temperature and aggression are positively correlated.

Question 76

Of the following, which correlation coefficient indicates the strongest relationship between the two variables being measured?

Select one:

a. +3.45
b. +0.65
c. 0.00
d. -0.89

Answer 76

d. -0.89

Question 77

Mice who received gingko biloba (herb) in their diets made fewer errors in a maze-running task than mice who had not received gingko biloba. This suggests that among mice,

Select one:

a. use of gingko biloba and maze-running errors are positively correlated.
b. use of gingko biloba and maze-running errors are weakly correlated.
c. use of gingko biloba and maze-running errors are uncorrelated.
d. use of gingko biloba and maze-running errors are negatively correlated.

Answer 77

d. use of gingko biloba and maze-running errors are negatively correlated.

Question 78

What do we call two variables that are linked, when their individual effects cannot be separated out?

Select one:

a. codependent
b. confounded
c. independent
d. dependent

Answer 78

b. confounded

Question 79

What do researchers do when conducting descriptive or correlational research?

Select one:

a. They simultaneously manipulate two or more independent variables.
b. They systematically describe patterns of behaviour and discover relationships among variables.
c. They manipulate a variable under carefully controlled conditions and observe whether there are changes in a second variable as a result.
d. They expose subjects to two closely related treatment conditions.

Answer 79

b. They systematically describe patterns of behaviour and discover relationships among variables.

Question 80

A researcher found that clients who were randomly assigned to same-sex groups participated more in group therapy sessions than clients who were randomly assigned to co-ed groups. In this experiment, what is the dependent variable?

Select one:

a. whether or not the group was co-ed
b. how much the clients’ mental health improved
c. the clients’ attitudes toward group therapy
d. the amount of participation in the group therapy sessions

Answer 80

d. the amount of participation in the group therapy sessions