Unit D: Respiratory System Flashcards
What is Ventilation, Diffusion, Circulation, and Diffusion?
Ventilation: Exchange of gases between atmosphere and alveolar gas
Diffusion: Exchange of gases across the alveolar membrane into bloodstream
Circulation: Transportation of gases from lungs to all body cells
Diffusion: Exchange of gases between circulatory system and body cells
What is External respiration?
Takes place in the lungs and involves the exchange of O2 and CO2 molecules between the air and the blood.
What is Internal respiration?
Takes place within the body and involves the exchange of O2 and CO2 molecules between the blood and tissue fluids.
What is an Alveoli?
Where exchange of gases occur. One cell layer thick so gases diffuse easily across
What is the pressure gradient during ventilation? (how does breathing work)
Exhalation:
Diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax, chest volume decreases. This causes pressure in the lungs to increase. (greater pressure in lungs than atmospheric pressure) air moves out.
Inhalation:
Diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract, chest volume increases. The pressure in the lungs is lower than atmospheric pressure, air moves into the lungs.
What is Black Lung?
Coal miners lung where continually exposed to coal dust with resulting permanent damage to the lung tissue (alveoli) and decreased gas exchange
What is Emphysema?
Emphysema is a disease of the lungs, most often caused by cigarette smoking. This disease is characterized by destruction of the alveoli, which are the air sacs in the lung where gas exchange takes place. Destruction of these air sacs makes it difficult for the body to obtain oxygen and to get rid of carbon dioxide. This destruction results in permanent enlargement of the air sacs and a loss of elasticity. As these damaged air sacs enlarge, they push on the diaphragm making it more difficult to breathe. They also push on undamaged lung tissue, which results in less gas exchange by that good lung tissue. Ultimately, patients will experience difficulty breathing, particularly on expiration (breathing out).
What is Poliomyelitis?
Polio is a viral infection that affects the motor nerve that control muscle movement. It usually affects the motor neurons to the leg muscles but if it affects the nerves controlling the diaphragm then the respiratory system becomes paralyzed.
(The Iron Lungs common during the 40’s and 50’s)
What is Bronchitis?
An inflammation of the lining of the bronchial tubes from colds (acute) or from respiratory irritants (chronic)
What is Asthma?
Can result from sensitivity to environmental irritants or emotional stress. The bronchioles produce large amounts of thick mucus and constriction of air ways results in breathing difficulty. The wheezing and coughing is a result of air moving through narrow passages
What is Tuberculosis?
An infectious bacterial disease that attacks the alveoli results in growth of tubercles (nodules) on the lungs. Most TB can be treated with antibiotics but resistant strains have evolved.
Symptoms: fever, weakness, loss of appetite and severe coughing
What is Pneumonia?
An infection of the lungs which can be caused by a bacterial or viral infection. Chills, high fever, coughing, chest pains and difficulty in breathing result. Due to complications medical treatment is often necessary
What is Pleurisy?
An inflammation of the pleural membrane and is usually a result from complications with other conditions. Shortness of breath and chest pains results.
What is Anemia?
Insufficient oxygen carrying capacity due to low red blood cells, sickle cell anemia or low iron content
RBC contain hemoglobin, the chemical which bonds to oxygen. Hemoglobin requires iron
What is Pneumothorax (collapsed lung)?
The accumulation of air in the pleural cavity. This can occur due to air leaking out of the alveoli due to diseases or a trauma in the chest wall that allows atmospheric air to enter the thoracic cavity
What is Tracheostomy?
Creation of an opening into trachea by insertion of tube to facilitate air passage
What are the purpose and different types of muscles?
Purpose:
- Movement
- Heat production
- Support
- Joint stability
Types of Muscles:
- Smooth: visceral organs
- Cardiac: heart muscle
- Skeletal: attached to bone by
tendons (striated)
What are the different types of muscle?
Terms:
- Origin of Muscle
Muscle attached to stationary bone.
- Insertion of Muscle
Muscle attached to moving bone. - Flexor
Muscle that contracts to bend a joint. - Extensor
Muscle that contracts to straighten a joint. - Antagonistic Muscles
Muscle arranged in pairs and work against each other to make a joint move. - Tendon
A band of connective tissue that joins muscles to bones. - Ligaments
Bands of connective tissue that holds bone to bone.
What is Sliding Filament Theory of Muscle Contraction?
- Brain sends a signal through motor neurons to the
muscle cells - Motor neurons release a chemical, neurotransmitter, which causes the endoplasmic reticulum to release Calcium
- Calcium released into the cell cytoplasm causes the myosin projections to bond to receptor sites on the Actin resulting in “crossbridges”. The knob shape
is altered pushing the Actin fibres inwards (moving the Z lines closer together) - Energy released as ATP breaks down into ADP + P is used to release the knob from the receptor sites
- Calcium is reabsorbed back into the ER which allows the muscle filaments to release
What is Rigor Mortis?
Muscles have contracted and lack of ATP results in cross bridges not releasing, remaining attached to actin so muscle does not relax
what are muscle terms?
- Single muscle contraction
- Muscle contractions – return to normal between stimuli, equal force
- Summation – muscle does not return to normal, greater muscle shortening (increase in muscle contraction by combination of stimuli)
- Tetanus – actin and myosin filaments remain overlapped
Force summation can occur by:
Increasing the number and size of contractile units simultaneously. By increasing the frequency of which action potential are sent to the muscle fibre
What is Muscle Fatigue?
Build up of lactic acid during anaerobic respiration and muscles fail to relax/contract
Slow Twitch Muscle Fibres
(More efficient at using oxygen)
- For continuous extended muscle contractions over a long time
- Fire more slowly
- Go a long time before fatigue
- Smaller in diameter
- Red in color
- Highly vascularized (better blood supply)
- Have more mitochondria
- More myoglobin
Ex. Marathon runners
Fast Twitch Muscle Fibres
(Use anaerobic metabolism to create fuel)
(Glycolysis is source of ATP)
- Speed of muscular contraction: rapidly contract to a specific distance over a short period of time
- Complete relaxation to an immediate state of contraction (short bursts of strength/speed)
- Fatigue more quickly
- Same force but more rapidly
- Larger
- White
- Less vascularized
- Less mitochondria
- Less myoglobin
Ex. Sprinter
