Unit C Flashcards
What is Photosynthesis?
(reactants and products)
6 CO2 + 6 H2O (+suns energy) –> 6 O2 + C6H12O6 (glucose)
What is Cell Respiration?
(reactant and products)
6 O2 + C6H12O6 –> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O ( + energy ATP)
What is the Electromagnetic Spectrum (EMR)?
- Energy travels through space and matter in the form of electromagnetic waves
- Different wavelengths correspond to different parts of the EMR
What is Light and Photons?
Light:
- a section of the EMR visible spectrum (ROYGBIV)
Photon:
- A small unit of energy at a specific EMR wavelength “a packet of light”
What is Refraction, Reflection, Transmitted, and Absorption?
Refraction:
- bending of light as it passes through an object
Reflection:
- Energy (light) bounces off a surface
Transmitted:
- Energy (light) passes through an object
Absorption:
- Energy is absorbed by an object
What is a Spectrophotometer?
- Measures the transmission/absorption of light
Note: If we SEE the color then the wavelength (energy) is NOT absorbed by the object
What is the Light Dependent Reaction?
(requires radiant energy – occurs in daylight)
Stage 1: capturing solar energy into electrons
Stage 2: using trapped energy to make ATP and NADPH
What is the Light Independent Reaction?
(can occur anytime, previous stages are in the light dependent reaction)
Stage 3: energy (ATP & NADPH) and electrons
(NADPH) and CO2 are used to form glucose
What is ATP, NADPH, and C6H12O6 (Glucose)?
ATP (Adenosine triphosphate):
- Energy molecule
NADPH (Nicotinamide dinucleotide phosphate):
- Electron carrier, energy transfer molecule
C6H12O6 (Glucose):
- Blood sugar
Medium energy storage molecule
What is are the Oxidation Reduction (Redox) Reactions?
- Electrons transfer from one atom to another atom
- Elements lose, gain or share electrons to become more stable
- LEO = loss of electrons is oxidation (energy used to make ATP)
- GER = gain of electrons is reduction
- LEO the lion says GER
What is Aerobic Respiration and Anaerobic Respiration?
Aerobic Respiration:
- Occurs when sufficient oxygen is provided to cells
Anaerobic Respiration:
- Occurs when insufficient oxygen is provided to cells
What are the Stages of Aerobic Respiration?
Stage 1: Glycolysis (cytoplasm)
Summary:
2 ATP Consumed
4 ATP Produced = 2 ATP NET
2 NADH converted to 2 FADH2
2 Pyruvate
Stage 2: Pyruvate oxidation (mitochondrial matrix)
Summary:
CO2 removed (released to air)
NADH
Coenzyme bond to produce Acetyl Co-A (this happens x 2 because there were 2 pyruvates from stage 1)
Stage 3: The Krebs cycle/Citric Acid cycle (mitochondrial matrix)
Summary:
2 CO2 removed (released to air)
3 NADH produced
1 FADH2
1 ATP (this happens x 2 There will be 2 acetyl Co-A’s that need to go through the cycle)
Stage 4: Electron transport and chemiosmosis (inner mitochondrial membrane)
NADH releases the e- into the ETC and H+ into the matrix
e- is passed along the carrier molecules releasing energy which is used to
pump H+ ions into the intermembrane space.
ETC: The depleted e- is accepted, along with a H+ (proton) by an oxygen molecule to form water. Oxygen is the final electron acceptor.
Chemiosmosis: H+ moves from an area of [H] in the intermembrane space to an area of [L] in the matrix through ATP synthase complex = Chemiosmosis The energy produced is used to phosphorylate ADP to ATP.
NADH and FADH2 from Stages 1-3 must enter Stage 4. Each NADH that enters stage 4 releases enough energy to produce 3 ATP Each FADH2 that enters stage 4 releases enough energy to produce 2 ATP
What are the Stages of Anaerobic Respiration – Alcohol Fermentation?
- Alcohol fermentation creates ethanol and carbon dioxide from glucose.
- In the process, NADH is oxidized to
NAD+, allowing glycolysis to continue.
What are the Stages of Anaerobic Respiration – Lactic Acid Fermentation
- Lactic acid fermentation produces lactic acid from glucose.
- In the process, NADH is oxidized to NAD+, allowing glycolysis to continue.
What are Pigment and the types of pigments?
Pigments:
- Chemicals which can absorb part of the EMR
Chlorophyll a:
- Blue green
Most important pigment for photosynthesis
Chlorophyll b:
- Yellow green
Accessory pigment which transfers energy to chlorophyll a
Carotenoids:
- Orange pigment
Xanthophylls:
- Yellow pigment
Anthocyanins:
- Red and purple pigments
