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Biology 20 > Unit D: Circulatory System > Flashcards

Unit D: Circulatory System Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the Branches of the Circulatory System?

A
  1. Systemic Circulatory System: vessels distribute materials to and from individual cells
  2. Pulmonary Circulatory System: vessels travelling from heart to lungs and back to heart
  3. Hepatic-Portal Circulatory System: branch of Systemic System to and from the kidneys
    and liver
  4. Coronary Circulatory System: blood supply to the heart tissue
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2
Q

What are the characteristics of Arteries?

A
  • composed of 3 layers
  • thick muscle layer for blood pressure
  • elastic (rebound back to hape after pulse)
  • pulse
  • goes away from heart
  • oxygenated (except pulmonary artery)
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3
Q

What are the characteristics of Veins?

A
  • composed of 3 layers
  • thin muscle layer (little blood pressure)
  • contains unidirectional valves
  • blood flow by muscular contractions
  • goes toward the heart
  • deoxygenated (except pulmonary vein)-
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4
Q

What are Venules, Capillaries, and Arterioles?

A

Venules:
- little veins
- muscles regulate blood flow out of capillaries

Capillaries:
- exchange occurs
- 1 cell layer thick
- connects arteries to veins

Arterioles:
- little arteries
- muscles regulate blood
flow into capillaries

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5
Q

What is the difference between Vasodilation and Vasoconstriction?

A

Vasodilation: widening of blood vessels (increase blood flow)

Vasoconstriction: narrowing of blood vessels (decreased blood flow)

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6
Q

What is Arteriosclerosis and Atherosclerosis?

A

Arteriosclerosis: a condition of hardening of an artery; an artery becomes less elastic and does not expand
under pressure (typical of old age)

Atherosclerosis: a form of arteriosclerosis characterized
by the buildup of fatty plaques in the wall of the vessel

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7
Q

What is Varicose Veins?

A

Veins that are dilated due to accumulation of blood. Blood pressure stretches the valves and permit the backflow of blood

Pregnancy, obesity and standing for long periods of time hinder venous return

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8
Q

What is an Aneurysm?

A
  • A bulge that develops at a weakened region in the wall of a blood vessel (due to birth defect or injury).
  • Cells are deprived of oxygen and nutrients
  • The aneurysm may rupture or surgically treated.
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9
Q

How does Blood Flow Through the Heart?

A
  1. Superior vena cava (head) and Inferior vena cava (body)
  2. Right Atrium
  3. Right atrioventricular tricupsid valve
  4. Right Ventricle
  5. Semilunar valve
  6. Right/left pulmonary Artery
  7. Lungs (blood is oxygenated)
  8. Right/left pulmonary Veins
  9. Left Atrium
  10. Left atrioventricular bicupsid valve
  11. Left Ventricle
  12. Semilunar valve
  13. Aorta (arteries)
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10
Q

What are the Human Heart Tissues? (there are 6)

A

Pericardium:
- Membrane surrounding heart (fluid filled)
- Produces fluid that bathes the heart and reduces friction

Myocardium:
- Cardiac muscle tissue (middle layer)
- Contraction of heart

Endocardium:
- Inner surface

Epicardium: (Layer of Pericardium)
- Smooth, protective outer layer

Unidirectional Valves:
- Directs blood flow in one direction

Coronary Arteries:
- Supplies the heart cells with blood
- Left and right coronary arteries leave aorta above the semilunar valve
- Blood rich in oxygen and nutrients

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11
Q

What are the nodes of the heart, and the meaning of systole and diastole?

A

Nodal tissue: specialized muscle cells which act as nerve cells by conducting impulses that result in heart contraction

Myogenic Muscle: muscle that contracts without external nerve stimulation

Sino-Atrial Node (Wall of right Atrium):
- Pacemaker – initiates contraction
- Contracts atrial chambers and stimulates AV Node

Atrioventricular Node (AV found in septum of Atria):
- Contracts Atria
- Relays impulse to Bundle

Atrioventricular Bundle (Bundle of HIS, Septum of Ventricles):
- Stimulates Purkinje Fibers
- Contraction of ventricles

Purkinje Fibers (Extends through walls of
ventricles):
- Contraction of ventricles

Systole – contraction
Diastole - relaxation

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12
Q

What is a ECG /EKG – Electrocardiograph?

A

A device that maps electric field within the heart.

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13
Q

What does Tachycardia and Bradycardia mean?

A

Tachycardia:
– Fast heart rate (> 100 b/min)
- increase in pressure on heart muscle & vessels

Bradycardia:
– slower heart rate (< 60 b/min)
- decrease blood flow and oxygen supply

Normal adult heart rate is around 70 beats per minute

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14
Q

What do the “Lub” and “Dub” sound the heart makes indicate?

A

Lub: closing of the AV valves (beginning of ventricular systole)

Dub: closing of the semilunar valves (end of ventricular systole

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15
Q

What is Cardiac Output and how do you calculate it?

A

Cardiac Output:
- the volume of blood discharged from the left ventricle (into the aorta) per minute
- affected by stroke volume (volume of blood ejected per beat) and heart rate (# beats per minute)

Stroke Volume (SV) x Heart Rate (HR) = Cardiac output (CO)

Resting Rate:
70 mL/b x 72 bpm = 5040 mL/min
Exercise:
70 mL/B x 140 bpm = 9800 mL/min

  • The greater the heart contraction the greater the stroke volume = the greater the amount of blood leaving the heart per beat
  • Patients with weak hearts will have less SV therefore greater HR
  • Athletes with strong hearts will have a greater SV therefore require lower HR

Cardiac Output affected by:
- Exercise
- Body Mass
- Stress
- Illness

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16
Q

What is blood pressure?

A

The force exerted against walls of the arteries (measured in mmHg or kPa)

Depends on 2 factors:
- cardiac output (> cardiac output = more pressure)
- arteriolar resistance (diameter of vessel, < diameter more resistance to flow there > blood pressure)

Pressure decrease as you move away from Aorta

17
Q

What is a Sphygmomanometer?

A

A device that is used to measure blood pressure

18
Q

What is Systolic and Diastolic Pressure?

A

Systolic: contraction of ventricle sends out a wave of blood that expands vessel

Diastolic Pressure: blood flowing through vessel after pulse

Systolic Pressure 120
————————- ——–
Diastolic Pressure 80

19
Q

How is Blood Pressure regulated?

A

Pressure receptors (Baroreceptors)
in walls of aorta and carotid arteries
detect pressure

High Pressure:
- Impulse sent to Medulla
- stimulates parasympathetic nerves
- Arterioles dilate increasing blood flow and decrease in heart rate and stroke volume

Low Pressure:
- Impulse sent to Medulla
- Sympathetic nerves are stimulated
- increasing cardiac output and arterioles to constrict raising blood pressure

Too low = reduces capacity to transport blood (oxygen)
Too high = weaken and rupture arteries

20
Q

What happens when you are under stress (think fight or flight kind of stress)

A
  • Sympathetic nerves stimulate release of epinephrine (adrenaline)
  • Epinephrine increases heart rate and breathing rate and cause release of rbc from spleen
  • Blood increased to internal organs (head, heart, muscle) but reduced to others (stomach, intestine)
21
Q

What is the Capillary Fluid Exchange Model? (idk how to word this question)

A
  • ECF: extra cellular fluid
  • Fluid pressure (hydrostatic pressure) = pushing out
  • Osmotic pressure = pulling in
  • Filtration: flow of water and ions through selectively permeable membrane out of capillaries
  • Absorption – movement of fluids into the capillaries
22
Q

What is Angina?

A

Chest pain when the heart muscle is deprived of oxygen. Nitroglycerin dilates blood vessels so more blood flows to heart muscle

23
Q

What are Valve Replacements?

A

‘cusps’ can be replaced to maintain one way flow of blood

24
Q

What is Hole in heart?

A

A patent foramen ovale, or PFO, is a small flap
valve defect (kind of a hole) between the right and left atrium. Though everyone has this “hole” before they’re born, it usually closes after birth. If it doesn’t close, it causes a defect that works like a flap valve, opening up when the patient creates more pressure inside their chest by coughing, sneezing, or straining at stool. This pressure may be enough to open the flap, allowing the blood to flow between the atria before it has been cleansed and oxygenated.

25
Q

What is the Lymphatic System?

A

Lymphatic System carries fluid and small proteins from the ECF and return it back to Circulatory System

Lymph: similar to blood plasma

Lymph vessels: use slow muscles contractions and valves

Lymph nodes: store white blood cells

Biology 20 (5 decks)

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