Unit D Ch.6 Flashcards
What is a macromolecule?
A very large molecule
What are the 4 main categories of macromolecules?
Carbohydrates,Lipids,Proteins, and Nucleic Acids.
What are 3 types of carbohydrates?
Simple Sugars-Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, and Polysaccharides.
What are the subunits that make up proteins?
Amino Acids
What type of bond forms when amino acids are joined?
Peptide bonds
How are macromolecules created and destroyed?
Dehydration Synthesis and Hydrolysis.
What are Vitamins and MInerals?
vitamins are organic substances, which means they’re made by plants or animals. Minerals are inorganic elements that come from soil and water, and are absorbed by plants or eaten by animals
What are enzymes?
A catalyst the breaks down proteins and fats
What do catalysts do?
Speed up chemcial reactions
Why do we need enzymes?
To help speed up chemical reactions
How do enzymes work? (active site, substrate)
Act upon substrate molecules and decrease the activation energy necessary for a chemical reaction to occur by stabilizing the transition state.
What is the difference between catabolism and
anabolism?
Anabolism is the building of complex molecules from numerous simple ones. Think of protein synthesis. Catabolism is the breakdown of complex molecules into numerous simple ones.
Where and how does food enter
our bodies?
…the mouth and then the
Esophagus
How does food move
through the esophagus?
Through wavelike contractions called
Peristalsis.
Name the structure that controls
the movement of food from the
esophagus into the stomach
esophageal sphincter
What is the name of the structure
that controls the exit of the stomach
to the small intestine?
Pyloric Spincter
What are the 3 jobs of the Stomach?
1.Storage
2.Digestion (some)
3.Pushing food into the small
intestine
Describe what happens to the
food physically and chemically,
to transform it into chyme?
Physically = broken down by
muscles contracting, highly acidic
Chemically = pepsin in gastric
juices
What are 3 ways the stomach
lining is protected from
digestion (acids)?
The stomach secretes little gastric juices
when there is no food present
Some cells secrete mucus which protects it
from the acidic nature of the stomach
The protein-digesting enzyme (pepsin) that
the stomach produces, is inactive until the
gastric juices are released
What is the function of pepsin in
the stomach?
Enzyme that becomes active
when in the presence of gastric
acids and hydrolyzes peptide
bonds
Explain why few substances are
absorbed in the stomach?
Because most substances in the
chyme have not broken down
enough
What is the job/role
of the small
intestine?
The main function of the small intestine
is to complete the digestion of
macromolecules and to absorb their
subunits.
What are the three regions of the small intestine?
1)Duodenum – an important site for chemical
digestion because it is joined to the liver and
pancreas through a duct
2)Jejunum – continues to break down food
3) Ileum – absorbs nutrients and pushes
undigested material into the large intestine
What is the structure of the
small intestine?
Vili and Microvilli
What is the structure of the
small intestine?
Vili and Microvilli
Why would these
projections (villi and
microvilli be important?
The villi and microvilli are important because they
maximize the surface area of the small intestine for
absorption
What is the process of
physical digestion in the
small intestine called?
Segmentation
What are the three accesory organs?
Pancreas, Liver and Gallbladder
What does Pancreatic Fluid contain?
1.Trypsin and Chymotrypsin – digests
proteins
2.Pancreatic Amylase – digests starch
3.Lipase – digests fat
4.Bicarbonate – neutralizes stomach acid
What does the liver do?
Makes bile
What does the gallbladder do?
stores bile
Why is bile important?
Bile emulfisies fat
What do Protease, nuclease, and carbohydrase do?
Protease – digests larger
polypeptides
Nuclease – digests nucleic acids
Carbohydrase – digests
Disaccharides
Hint-Ase means enzyme
Does digestion happen in
the large intestine?
No
How does food leave the body?
Through the anus
What purpose does the
large intestine serve?
Its main function is to concentrate the
indigestible food by absorbing water and
salt, and eliminate waste
What is the name of the
main portion of the large
intestine called and what
Does it do?
The colon - bacteria present to further break
down food
What is located at the
end of the large intestine
that removes waste?
Located at the end of the large intestine is
the rectum and anal canal
What are the structures of the urinary system?
-KIdneys,Ureter,Bladder,Urethra, Renal Artery, and Renal Vein, Sphincter
What are the main parts of the kidney?
Renal Medulla, Renal Capsule, Cortex, Renal Pelvis, Renal Artery, Renal Vein. Nephrons, Glomerulus, Adrenal
What are the parts of the nephron? What does each part do?
A nephron consists of six parts, i.e., Glomerulus, Bowman’s capsule, Proximal convoluted tube, Loop of Henle, Distal convoluted tube, and the collecting duct.
What are the steps in the formation of urine?
There are three main steps of urine formation: glomerular filtration, reabsorption, and secretion.
Dehydration Synthesis
The process by which large molecules are formed by the removal of water from two smaller molecules
Hydrolysis
The proces by which larger molecules are spilt into smaller molecules by the addition of water
What is a key way to remeber the composistion of the 4 macromolecules
CHO, CHO, CHON, CHONP
Peristalsis
Rhymic, wavelike, contractions of muscle as bolus moves down the gastrointestinal tract
Salivary Glands
A gland in the mouth that produces saliva
Kidneys
An Organ in the Excretory System that’s main function is to filter blood and remove excess waste and balance body fluids.
How do enzymes work?
They bind to substrates at the active site
What are the processes involved in building and disassembling macromolecules?
building: Dehydration synthesis (removes water)
Disassembling: Hydrolysis (adds water)
What is the main purpose of carbohydrates?
To provide energy
What forms when one glycerol molecule bonds with three fatty acid molecules?
A Triglyceride
How many amino acids can the body make?
11 out of 20
What role does the urinary system play in maintaining homeostasis in the human body?
The urinary system helps maintain homeostasis by regulating water balance, electrolyte levels, and the elimination of waste products.
Which hormone regulates water reabsorption in the kidneys?
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Describe the difference between filtration and reabsorption in the kidneys.
Filtration is the process by which blood is filtered to form urine, while reabsorption is when useful substances are reabsorbed back into the bloodstream.
True or False: The kidneys are responsible for filtering blood and producing urine.
True
What are the 2 breakdown processes apart of
digestion? Give an example of a body part that does
each?
Physical and Chemical digestion, mouth is physical and stomach is chemical
What is the name of the ball of chewed food called
Bolus
Renal insufficiency
= a state in which the kidneys cannot maintain homeostasis due to extensive destruction of their nephrons
Name the 4 excretory diseases
Diabetes Mellitus, Diabetes Insidious Kidney stones and Bright’s disease
Name the 4 excretory diseases
Diabetes Mellitus, Diabetes Insidious Kidney stones and Bright’s disease
How are ulcers treated
antibiotics
Catabolism vs.Anabolism
Anabolism is the building of complex molecules from numerous simple ones. Think of protein synthesis. Catabolism is the breakdown of complex molecules into numerous simple ones.
Four factors that influence an enzymes rate
Temperature,Ph, concentration of substrate and enzymes, and competitive inhibitors.
What is the process of physical digestion in the small intestine called
segmentation
What are the diseases related to the digestive system?
IBD, Crohn’s Disease, Ulcerative Colitis, Hepatitis,Cirrhosis, Gallstones,
What does Salivary amylase do
breaks down starch into simple sugars
What does the body do when water balance is high?
Hypothalamus detects too much water, ADH is released, Kidneys remove more water from blood so the urine become dilute.
What does the body do when water balance is low?
Hypothalamus detects too
little water, ADH is released, Kidneys remove water frm blood so that less water is lost in urine, person then drinks more water.
What is the importance of mechanical digestion?
exposure of more surface are into the food mass
If bile is not produced during digestion then what happens?
Lipids will be found in feces
Bile has its main affect on what organ?
Small intestine
If blood is too acidic then what do the kidneys do?
excrete hydrogen and reabsorb bicarbonate
Increasing the osmotic concentration of the blood by eating way too many salt & vinegar potato chips will cause ______________, to maintain homeostasis.
an increase in ADH production and a decrease in aldosterone production
Assuming healthy kidney function, what would the concentrations of both urea and glucose look like in the renal vein?
Both urea and glucose levels will decrease.
The urinary (excretory) system is responsible for
the removal of metabolic wastes, and the balance of water and pH
