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Biology 20 > Unit D > Flashcards

Unit D Flashcards

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1
Q

Definiton of Polymer?

A

a molecule composed of three or more subunits

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1
Q

Definiton of Carbohydrate?

A

a molecule composed of sugar subunits that contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio

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2
Q

Definition of Monosaccharide?

A

a single sugar unit

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3
Q

Definiton of Isomer?

A

one of a group of chemicals that have the same chemical formula but different arrangements of the atoms

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4
Q

Definiton of Disaccharide?

A

a sugar formed by the joining of two monosaccharide subunits

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5
Q

Definition of Dehydration Synthesis?

A

the process by which larger molecules are formed by the removal of water from two smaller molecules

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6
Q

Definiton of Hydrolysis?

A

the process by which larger molecules are split into smaller molecules by the addition of water

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7
Q

Definition of Polysaccharide?

A

a carbohydrate composed of many single sugar subunits

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8
Q

Definiton of Starch?

A

a plant carbohydrate used to store energy

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9
Q

Definition of Glycogen?

A

the form of carbohydrate storage in animals

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10
Q

Definition of Cellulose?

A

a plant polysaccharide that makes up plant cell walls

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11
Q

Definition of Triglyceride?

A

a lipid composed of glycerol and three fatty acids

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12
Q

Definition of Fat?

A

a lipid composed of glycerol and saturated fatty acids; solid at room temperature

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13
Q

Definition of Oil?

A

a lipid composed of glycerol and unsaturated fatty acids; liquid at room temperature

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14
Q

Definition of Phospholipid?

A

a lipid with a phosphate molecule attached to the glycerol backbone, making the molecule polar; the major components of cell membranes

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15
Q

Definition of Wax?

A

a long-chain lipid that is insoluble in water

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16
Q

Definition of Protein?

A

a chain of amino acids that form the structural parts of cells or act as antibodies or enzymes

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17
Q

Definition of Amino Acid?

A

a chemical that contains nitrogen; can be linked together to form proteins

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18
Q

Definition of Peptide Bond?

A

the bond that joins amino acids

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19
Q

Definition of Polypeptide?

A

a chain of three or more amino acids

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20
Q

Definition of Essential Amino Acid?

A

an amino acid that must be obtained from the diet

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21
Q

Definition of Denaturation?

A

the process that occurs when the bonds of a protein molecule are disrupted, causing a temporary change in shape

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22
Q

Definition of Coagulation?

A

the process that occurs when the bonds of a protein molecule are disrupted, causing a permanent change in shape

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23
Q

Definition of Catalyst?

A

a chemical that increases the rate of chemical reactions without altering the products or being altered itself

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24
Q

Definition of Enzyme?

A

a protein catalyst that permits chemical reactions to proceed at low temperatures

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25
Q

Definition of Substrate?

A

a molecule on which an enzyme works

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26
Q

Definition of Active Site?

A

the area of an enzyme that combines with the substrate

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27
Q

Definition of Cofactor?

A

an inorganic ion that helps an enzyme combine with a substrate molecule

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28
Q

Definition of Coenzyme?

A

an organic molecule synthesized from a vitamin that helps an enzyme to combine with a substrate molecule

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29
Q

Definition of Competitive Inhibitor?

A

a molecule with a shape complementary to a specific enzyme that competes with the substrate for access to the active site of the enzyme and blocks chemical reactions

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30
Q

Definition of Feedback Inhibition?

A
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31
Q

Definition of Precursor Activity?

A

the activation of the last enzyme in a metabolic pathway by the initial substrate

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32
Q

Definition of Allosteric Activity?

A

a change in an enzyme caused by the binding of a molecule

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33
Q

Definition of Amylase?

A

an enzyme that breaks down complex carbohydrates

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34
Q

Definition of Peristalsis?

A

rhythmic, wavelike contractions of muscle that move food along the gastrointestinal tract

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35
Q

Definition of Sphincter?

A

a constrictor muscle that regulates the opening and closing of a tubelike structure

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36
Q

Definition of Mucus?

A

a protective lubricating substance composed mostly of protein

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37
Q

Definition of Pepsin?

A

a protein-digesting enzyme produced in the stomach

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38
Q

Definition of Ulcer?

A

a lesion on the surface of an organ

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39
Q

Definition of Duedenum?

A

the first segment of the small intestine

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40
Q

Definition of Villi?

A

small, fingerlike projections that extend into the small intestine to increase surface area for absorption

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41
Q

Definition of Microvilli?

A

microscopic, fingerlike projections of the cell membrane

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42
Q

Definition of Capillary?

A

a blood vessel that connects arteries and veins; the site of fluid and gas exchange

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43
Q

Definition of Lacteal?

A

a small vessel that transports the products of fat digestion to the circulatory system

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44
Q

Definition of Secretin?

A

a hormone released from the duodenum that stimulates pancreatic and bile secretions

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45
Q

Definition of Enterokinase?

A

an enzyme of the small intestine that converts trypsinogen to trypsin

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46
Q

Definition of Trypsin?

A

a protein-digesting enzyme

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47
Q

Definition of Erepsin?

A

an enzyme that completes protein digestion by converting short-chain peptides to amino acids

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48
Q

Definition of Lipase?

A

a lipid-digesting enzyme

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49
Q

Definition of Bile Salt?

A

a component of bile that breaks down large fat globules

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50
Q

Definition of Cholecystokinin?

A

a hormone secreted by the small intestine that stimulates the release of bile salts

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51
Q

Definition of Detoxify?

A

to remove the effects of a poison

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52
Q

Definition of Gallstone?

A

gallstone crystals of bile salts that form in the gallbladder

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53
Q

Definition of Jaundice?

A

the yellowish discoloration of the skin and other tissues brought about by the collection of bile pigments in the blood

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54
Q

Defintion of Cirrhosis?

A

chronic inflammation of the liver tissue characterized by the growth of nonfunctioning fibrous tissue

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55
Q

Definition of Colon?

A

the largest segment of the large intestine, where water reabsorption occurs

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56
Q

Definition of Gastrin?

A

gastrin a hormone secreted by the stomach that stimulates the release of HCl

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57
Q

Definition of Enterogastrone?

A

a hormone secreted by the small intestine that decreases gastric secretions and motility

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58
Q

Definition of Breathing?

A

the process of the exchange of air between the lungs and the environment, including inspiration and expiration

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59
Q

Definition of Respiratory Membrane?

A

the membrane where the diffusion of oxygen and other gases occurs between the living cells of the body and the external environment (the atmosphere or water)

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60
Q

Definition of Respiration?

A

all processes involved in the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between cells and the environment, including breathing, gas exchange, and cellular respiration

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61
Q

Definition of Trachea?

A

The windpipe

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62
Q

Definition of Cillia

A

Tiny hairlike structures found on some cells that sweep away foreign debris

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63
Q

Definition of Epiglottis?

A

The structure that covers the glottis (Opening of the Trachea) during swallowing

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64
Q

Definition of Larynx

A

The voicebox

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65
Q

Definition of Bronchi

A

The passages from the Trachea to the left and right lung

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66
Q

Definition of Bronchiole?

A

The smallest passageways of the respiratory tract

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67
Q

Definition of Alveoli?

A

Sacs of the lung in which gas exchange occurs

68
Q

Definition of Pleural Membrane?

A

A thin membrane that surrounds the outer surface of the lungs and lines the inner wall of the chest cavity

69
Q

Definition of Diaphragm?

A

A sheet of muscle that separates the organs of the thoracic cavity from those of the abdominal cavity

70
Q

Definition of Intercostal muscle?

A

A muscle that raises and lowers the ribcage

71
Q

Definition of Hemoglobin

A

The oxygen-carrying molecule in red blood cells

72
Q

Definition of Oxyhemoglobin

A

Hemoglobin that is bound to oxygen

73
Q

Definition of Carbonic Anhydrase?

A

An enzyme found in red blood cells that speeds the conversion of carbon dioxide and water to Carbonic acid

74
Q

Definition of Buffer?

A

A substance capable of neutralizing acids and bases, thus maintaining the original pH of the solution

75
Q

Definition of Chemoreceptor?

A

A specialized nerve receptor that is sensitive to specific chemicals

76
Q

Definition of Bronchitis?

A

An inflammation of the bronchial tubes

77
Q

Definition of Cardiac Muscle?

A

The involuntary muscle of the heart

78
Q

Definition of Emphysema?

A

A respiratory disorder characterized by an overinflaion of the alveoli

79
Q

Definition of Smooth Muscle?

A

The involuntary muscle found in the lining of many organs

79
Q

Definition of Skeletal Muscle?

A

The voluntary muscle that makes the bones of the skeleton move

80
Q

Definition of Tendon?

A

A band of connective tissue that joins muscle to bone

81
Q

Definition of Antagonistic Muscle?

A

A pair of Skeletal muscles that are arranged in pairs and that work against eachother to make a joint move

82
Q

Definition of Flexor?

A

The muscle that just contract to bend a joint

83
Q

Definition of Extensor?

A

The muscle that must contract to straighten a joint

84
Q

Definition of Creatine Phosphate?

A

A compound in muscle cells that releases a Phosphate to ADP and helps regenerate ATP supplies in muscle cells

85
Q

Definition of Myofilament?

A

A thread of contractile proteins found within muscle fibres

85
Q

Definition of Sarcolemma?

A

The delicate sheath that surrounds muscle fibers

86
Q

Definition of Summation?

A

Increased muscle contraction produced by the combination of Stimuli

86
Q

Definition of Artery?

A

A blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart

87
Q

Definition of Tetanus?

A

The state of constant muscle contraction caused by sustained nerve impulses

88
Q

Definition of Pulse?

A

Change in the diameter of the arteries following heart contractions

89
Q

Definition of Autonomic Nervous System?

A

The part of the nervous system that controls the motor nerves that regulate equilibrium, and that is not under conscious control

90
Q

Definition of Vasoconstriction?

A

The narrowing of blood vessels, allowing less blood to the tissues

91
Q

Definition of Vasodilation?

A

The widening of blood vessels, allowing more blood to the tissues

92
Q

Definition of Atherosclerosis?

A

A degeneration of blood vessels caused by the accumulation of fat deposits in the inner wall

93
Q

Definition of Arteriosclerosis?

A

A group of disorders that cause the blood vessels to thicken, harden, and lose their elasticity

94
Q

Definition of Aneurysm?

A

A bulge in the weakened wall of a blood vessel, usually an artery

95
Q

Definition of Vein?

A

A blood vesse that carries blood toward the heart

96
Q

Definition of Septum?

A

A wall of muscle that separates the right and left sides of the heart

97
Q

Definition of Pulmonary Circulatory System?

A

The system of blood vessels that carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs and oxygenated blood back to the heart

98
Q

Definition of Systemic Circulatory System?

A

The system of blood vessels that carries oxygenated blood to the tissues of the body and deoxygenated blood back to the heart

99
Q

Definition of Atrium?

A

A muscular, thick-walled chamber of the heart that delivers blood to the arteries

100
Q

Definition of Atrioventricular Valve?

A

A heart valve that prevents the backflow of blood from a ventricle into an atrium

101
Q

Definition of Semilunar Valve?

A

A valve that prevents the backflow of blood from an artery into a ventricle

102
Q

Definition of Aorta?

A

The largest artery in the body: Carries oxygenated blood to the tissues

103
Q

Definition of Coronary Artery?

A

An artery that supplies the cardiac muscle with oxygen and nutrients

104
Q

Definition of Myogenic Muscle?

A

Muscle that contracts without external nerve stimulation

105
Q

Definition of Sinostrial (SA) Node?

A

A small mass of tissue in the right atrium that originated the impulses stimulating the heartbeat

106
Q

Definition of Atrioventricular (AV) Node?

A

A small mass of tissue in the right atrioventricular region through which impulses from the SA Node are passed to the ventricles

107
Q

Definition of Purkinje Fibre?

A

A nerve Fibre that branches and carries electrical impulses throughout the ventricles

108
Q

Definition of Sympathetic Nervous System?

A

A division of the Autonomic Nervous System that prepares the body for stress

109
Q

Definition of the Parasympathetic Nervous System?

A

A division of the Autonomic Nervous system that returns the body to normal resting levels following adjustments to stress

110
Q

Definition of Diastole?

A

Relaxation (Dilation) of the heart, during which the atria fills with blood

111
Q

Definition of Systole?

A

Contraction of the heart, during which blood is pushed out of the heart

112
Q

Definition of Cardiac Output?

A

The amount of blood pumped from the heart each minute

113
Q

Definition of Stroke Volume?

A

The quantity of blood pumped with each beat of the heart

114
Q

Definition of Sphygmomanometer?

A

A device used to measure blood pressure

115
Q

Definition of Thermoregulation?

A

Maintenance of body temperature within a range that enables cells to function efficently

116
Q

Definition of Hypothalamus?

A

region of a vertebrate’s brain responsible for coordinating many nerve and hormone functions

117
Q

Definition of Extracellular Fluid (ECF)?

A

Fluid that occupies the spaces between cells and tissues; includes plasma and interstitial fluid

118
Q

Definition of Filtration?

A

The selective movement of materials through capillary walls by a pressure gradient

119
Q

Definition of Lymph?

A

The fluid found in lymph vessels that contains some proteins that have leaked through capillary walls

120
Q

Definition of Lymph Node?

A

A mass of tissue that stores lymphocytes and removes bacteria and foreign particles from the lymph

121
Q

Definition of Spleen?

A

A lymphoid organ that acts as a reservoir for blood and a filtering site for lymph

122
Q

Definition of Plasma?

A

The fluid portion of blood

123
Q

Definition of Erythrocyte?

A

A red blood cell that contains hemoglobin and carries oxygen

124
Q

Definition of Anemia?

A

A reduction in blood oxygen due to low levels of hemoglobin or poor red blood cell production

125
Q

Definition of Leukocyte?

A

A white blood cell

126
Q

Definition of Platelet?

A

A component of blood responsible for initiating blood clotting

127
Q

Definition of Thrombus?

A

A blood clot that forms within a blood vessel and blocks it

128
Q

Definition of Embolus?

A

A blood clot that dislodges and is carried by the circulatory system to another part of the body

129
Q

Definition of Antigen?

A

A substance usually protein, that stimulates the formation of an antibody

130
Q

Definition of Agglutination?

A

The clumping of blood cells caused by antigens and antibodies

131
Q

Definition of Phagocytosis?

A

The process by which a white blood cell engulfs and chemically destroys a microbe

132
Q

Definition of Macrophage?

A

The pagocytuc white blood cells found in lympth nodes, bone marrow, and the spleen and liver

133
Q

Definition of Pus?

A

A thick liquid composed of protein fragments from digested leukocytes and microbes

134
Q

Definition of Inflammatory Response?

A

Localized nonspecific response triggered when tissue cells are injured by bacteria or physical injury. Characterized by swelling, heat, redness, and pain

135
Q

Definition of Complement Protein?

A

A plasma protein that helps defend against invading microbes by tagging the microbe for phagocytosis, puncturing cell membranes, or triggering the formation of a mucous coating

136
Q

Definition of T-Cell?

A

A lymphocyte, manugactured in the bone marrow and processed by the thymus gland, that identifies and attacks foreign substances

137
Q

Definition of B-Cell?

A

A lymphocyte, made and processed in the bone marrow, that produces antibodies

138
Q

Definition of Receptor Site?

A

A port along a cell membrane into which hormones, nutrients, and other needed materials fit

139
Q

Definition of Helper T-Cell?

A

A T-Cell with receptors that bind to fragments of antigens

140
Q

Definition of Lymphokine?

A

A protein produced by the T-Cells that acts as a chemical messenger between other T-Cells and B-Cells

141
Q

Definition of Killer T-Cell?

A

A T-Cell that destroys microbes, body cells infected with viruses, and mutated cells by puncturing cell membranes

142
Q

Definition of Suppressor T-Cell?

A

A T-Cell that turns off the immune system

143
Q

Definition of Memory B-Cell?

A

A B-Cell that retains information about the shape of an antigen

144
Q

Definition of Pluripotent Cell?

A

A cell that is capable of developing into a number of specialized cell, such as neuron or muscle cell

145
Q

Definition of Deamination?

A

Removal of an amino group from an organic compound?

146
Q

Definition of Urea?

A

Nitrogen waste formed from two molecules of ammonia and one molecule of carbon dioxide

147
Q

Definition of Uric Acid?

A

A waste product formed from the breakdown of nucleic acids

148
Q

Definition of Ureter?

A

A tube that conducts urine from the kidney to the bladder

149
Q

Definition of Urethra?

A

The tube that carries urine from the bladder to the exterior of the body

150
Q

Definition of Cortex?

A

The outer layer of the kidney

151
Q

Definition of Medulla?

A

The area inside of the cortex

152
Q

Definition of Renal Pelvis?

A

The hollow area where the kidney joins the ureter

153
Q

Definition of Nephron?

A

A functional unit of the kidney

154
Q

Definition of Afferent Arteriole?

A

A small branch of renal artery that carries blood to the glomerulus

155
Q

Definition of Glomerulus?

A

The high-pressure capillary bed that is the site of filtration

156
Q

Definition of Efferent Arteriole?

A

A small branch of the renal artery that carries blood away from the glomerulus to the pertiubular capillaries

157
Q

Definition of Peritubular Capillary?

A

A member of the network of small blood vessels that surrond the tubule of the nephron

158
Q

Definition of Bowman’s Capsule?

A

The cuplike structure that surronds the glomerulus

159
Q

Definition of Proximal Tubule?

A

The section of the nephron joining the Bowman’s capsule with the loop of Henle

160
Q

Definition of Loop of Henle?

A

The section of the tubule that carries filtrate from the proximal tubule to the distal tubule

161
Q

Definition of Distal Tubule?

A

Conducts urine from the Loop of henle to the collecting duct

162
Q

Definition of Collecting Duct?

A

A tube that carries urine from nephrons to the renal pelvis

163
Q

Definition of Threshold Level?

A

The maximum amount of a substance that can be moved across the nephron

164
Q

Definition of Interstitial Fluid?

A

The fluid that surronds the body cells

Biology 20 (4 decks)

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