Unit D Flashcards
Definiton of Polymer?
a molecule composed of three or more subunits
Definiton of Carbohydrate?
a molecule composed of sugar subunits that contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio
Definition of Monosaccharide?
a single sugar unit
Definiton of Isomer?
one of a group of chemicals that have the same chemical formula but different arrangements of the atoms
Definiton of Disaccharide?
a sugar formed by the joining of two monosaccharide subunits
Definition of Dehydration Synthesis?
the process by which larger molecules are formed by the removal of water from two smaller molecules
Definiton of Hydrolysis?
the process by which larger molecules are split into smaller molecules by the addition of water
Definition of Polysaccharide?
a carbohydrate composed of many single sugar subunits
Definiton of Starch?
a plant carbohydrate used to store energy
Definition of Glycogen?
the form of carbohydrate storage in animals
Definition of Cellulose?
a plant polysaccharide that makes up plant cell walls
Definition of Triglyceride?
a lipid composed of glycerol and three fatty acids
Definition of Fat?
a lipid composed of glycerol and saturated fatty acids; solid at room temperature
Definition of Oil?
a lipid composed of glycerol and unsaturated fatty acids; liquid at room temperature
Definition of Phospholipid?
a lipid with a phosphate molecule attached to the glycerol backbone, making the molecule polar; the major components of cell membranes
Definition of Wax?
a long-chain lipid that is insoluble in water
Definition of Protein?
a chain of amino acids that form the structural parts of cells or act as antibodies or enzymes
Definition of Amino Acid?
a chemical that contains nitrogen; can be linked together to form proteins
Definition of Peptide Bond?
the bond that joins amino acids
Definition of Polypeptide?
a chain of three or more amino acids
Definition of Essential Amino Acid?
an amino acid that must be obtained from the diet
Definition of Denaturation?
the process that occurs when the bonds of a protein molecule are disrupted, causing a temporary change in shape
Definition of Coagulation?
the process that occurs when the bonds of a protein molecule are disrupted, causing a permanent change in shape
Definition of Catalyst?
a chemical that increases the rate of chemical reactions without altering the products or being altered itself
Definition of Enzyme?
a protein catalyst that permits chemical reactions to proceed at low temperatures
Definition of Substrate?
a molecule on which an enzyme works
Definition of Active Site?
the area of an enzyme that combines with the substrate
Definition of Cofactor?
an inorganic ion that helps an enzyme combine with a substrate molecule
Definition of Coenzyme?
an organic molecule synthesized from a vitamin that helps an enzyme to combine with a substrate molecule
Definition of Competitive Inhibitor?
a molecule with a shape complementary to a specific enzyme that competes with the substrate for access to the active site of the enzyme and blocks chemical reactions
Definition of Feedback Inhibition?
Definition of Precursor Activity?
the activation of the last enzyme in a metabolic pathway by the initial substrate
Definition of Allosteric Activity?
a change in an enzyme caused by the binding of a molecule
Definition of Amylase?
an enzyme that breaks down complex carbohydrates
Definition of Peristalsis?
rhythmic, wavelike contractions of muscle that move food along the gastrointestinal tract
Definition of Sphincter?
a constrictor muscle that regulates the opening and closing of a tubelike structure
Definition of Mucus?
a protective lubricating substance composed mostly of protein
Definition of Pepsin?
a protein-digesting enzyme produced in the stomach
Definition of Ulcer?
a lesion on the surface of an organ
Definition of Duedenum?
the first segment of the small intestine
Definition of Villi?
small, fingerlike projections that extend into the small intestine to increase surface area for absorption
Definition of Microvilli?
microscopic, fingerlike projections of the cell membrane
Definition of Capillary?
a blood vessel that connects arteries and veins; the site of fluid and gas exchange
Definition of Lacteal?
a small vessel that transports the products of fat digestion to the circulatory system
Definition of Secretin?
a hormone released from the duodenum that stimulates pancreatic and bile secretions
Definition of Enterokinase?
an enzyme of the small intestine that converts trypsinogen to trypsin
Definition of Trypsin?
a protein-digesting enzyme
Definition of Erepsin?
an enzyme that completes protein digestion by converting short-chain peptides to amino acids
Definition of Lipase?
a lipid-digesting enzyme
Definition of Bile Salt?
a component of bile that breaks down large fat globules
Definition of Cholecystokinin?
a hormone secreted by the small intestine that stimulates the release of bile salts
Definition of Detoxify?
to remove the effects of a poison
Definition of Gallstone?
gallstone crystals of bile salts that form in the gallbladder
Definition of Jaundice?
the yellowish discoloration of the skin and other tissues brought about by the collection of bile pigments in the blood
Defintion of Cirrhosis?
chronic inflammation of the liver tissue characterized by the growth of nonfunctioning fibrous tissue
Definition of Colon?
the largest segment of the large intestine, where water reabsorption occurs
Definition of Gastrin?
gastrin a hormone secreted by the stomach that stimulates the release of HCl
Definition of Enterogastrone?
a hormone secreted by the small intestine that decreases gastric secretions and motility
Definition of Breathing?
the process of the exchange of air between the lungs and the environment, including inspiration and expiration
Definition of Respiratory Membrane?
the membrane where the diffusion of oxygen and other gases occurs between the living cells of the body and the external environment (the atmosphere or water)
Definition of Respiration?
all processes involved in the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between cells and the environment, including breathing, gas exchange, and cellular respiration
Definition of Trachea?
The windpipe
Definition of Cillia
Tiny hairlike structures found on some cells that sweep away foreign debris
Definition of Epiglottis?
The structure that covers the glottis (Opening of the Trachea) during swallowing
Definition of Larynx
The voicebox
Definition of Bronchi
The passages from the Trachea to the left and right lung
Definition of Bronchiole?
The smallest passageways of the respiratory tract
Definition of Alveoli?
Sacs of the lung in which gas exchange occurs
Definition of Pleural Membrane?
A thin membrane that surrounds the outer surface of the lungs and lines the inner wall of the chest cavity
Definition of Diaphragm?
A sheet of muscle that separates the organs of the thoracic cavity from those of the abdominal cavity
Definition of Intercostal muscle?
A muscle that raises and lowers the ribcage
Definition of Hemoglobin
The oxygen-carrying molecule in red blood cells
Definition of Oxyhemoglobin
Hemoglobin that is bound to oxygen
Definition of Carbonic Anhydrase?
An enzyme found in red blood cells that speeds the conversion of carbon dioxide and water to Carbonic acid
Definition of Buffer?
A substance capable of neutralizing acids and bases, thus maintaining the original pH of the solution
Definition of Chemoreceptor?
A specialized nerve receptor that is sensitive to specific chemicals
Definition of Bronchitis?
An inflammation of the bronchial tubes
Definition of Cardiac Muscle?
The involuntary muscle of the heart
Definition of Emphysema?
A respiratory disorder characterized by an overinflaion of the alveoli
Definition of Smooth Muscle?
The involuntary muscle found in the lining of many organs
Definition of Skeletal Muscle?
The voluntary muscle that makes the bones of the skeleton move
Definition of Tendon?
A band of connective tissue that joins muscle to bone
Definition of Antagonistic Muscle?
A pair of Skeletal muscles that are arranged in pairs and that work against eachother to make a joint move
Definition of Flexor?
The muscle that just contract to bend a joint
Definition of Extensor?
The muscle that must contract to straighten a joint
Definition of Creatine Phosphate?
A compound in muscle cells that releases a Phosphate to ADP and helps regenerate ATP supplies in muscle cells
Definition of Myofilament?
A thread of contractile proteins found within muscle fibres
Definition of Sarcolemma?
The delicate sheath that surrounds muscle fibers
Definition of Summation?
Increased muscle contraction produced by the combination of Stimuli
Definition of Artery?
A blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart
Definition of Tetanus?
The state of constant muscle contraction caused by sustained nerve impulses
Definition of Pulse?
Change in the diameter of the arteries following heart contractions
Definition of Autonomic Nervous System?
The part of the nervous system that controls the motor nerves that regulate equilibrium, and that is not under conscious control
Definition of Vasoconstriction?
The narrowing of blood vessels, allowing less blood to the tissues
Definition of Vasodilation?
The widening of blood vessels, allowing more blood to the tissues
Definition of Atherosclerosis?
A degeneration of blood vessels caused by the accumulation of fat deposits in the inner wall
Definition of Arteriosclerosis?
A group of disorders that cause the blood vessels to thicken, harden, and lose their elasticity
Definition of Aneurysm?
A bulge in the weakened wall of a blood vessel, usually an artery
Definition of Vein?
A blood vesse that carries blood toward the heart
Definition of Septum?
A wall of muscle that separates the right and left sides of the heart
Definition of Pulmonary Circulatory System?
The system of blood vessels that carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs and oxygenated blood back to the heart
Definition of Systemic Circulatory System?
The system of blood vessels that carries oxygenated blood to the tissues of the body and deoxygenated blood back to the heart
Definition of Atrium?
A muscular, thick-walled chamber of the heart that delivers blood to the arteries
Definition of Atrioventricular Valve?
A heart valve that prevents the backflow of blood from a ventricle into an atrium
Definition of Semilunar Valve?
A valve that prevents the backflow of blood from an artery into a ventricle
Definition of Aorta?
The largest artery in the body: Carries oxygenated blood to the tissues
Definition of Coronary Artery?
An artery that supplies the cardiac muscle with oxygen and nutrients
Definition of Myogenic Muscle?
Muscle that contracts without external nerve stimulation
Definition of Sinostrial (SA) Node?
A small mass of tissue in the right atrium that originated the impulses stimulating the heartbeat
Definition of Atrioventricular (AV) Node?
A small mass of tissue in the right atrioventricular region through which impulses from the SA Node are passed to the ventricles
Definition of Purkinje Fibre?
A nerve Fibre that branches and carries electrical impulses throughout the ventricles
Definition of Sympathetic Nervous System?
A division of the Autonomic Nervous System that prepares the body for stress
Definition of the Parasympathetic Nervous System?
A division of the Autonomic Nervous system that returns the body to normal resting levels following adjustments to stress
Definition of Diastole?
Relaxation (Dilation) of the heart, during which the atria fills with blood
Definition of Systole?
Contraction of the heart, during which blood is pushed out of the heart
Definition of Cardiac Output?
The amount of blood pumped from the heart each minute
Definition of Stroke Volume?
The quantity of blood pumped with each beat of the heart
Definition of Sphygmomanometer?
A device used to measure blood pressure
Definition of Thermoregulation?
Maintenance of body temperature within a range that enables cells to function efficently
Definition of Hypothalamus?
region of a vertebrate’s brain responsible for coordinating many nerve and hormone functions
Definition of Extracellular Fluid (ECF)?
Fluid that occupies the spaces between cells and tissues; includes plasma and interstitial fluid
Definition of Filtration?
The selective movement of materials through capillary walls by a pressure gradient
Definition of Lymph?
The fluid found in lymph vessels that contains some proteins that have leaked through capillary walls
Definition of Lymph Node?
A mass of tissue that stores lymphocytes and removes bacteria and foreign particles from the lymph
Definition of Spleen?
A lymphoid organ that acts as a reservoir for blood and a filtering site for lymph
Definition of Plasma?
The fluid portion of blood
Definition of Erythrocyte?
A red blood cell that contains hemoglobin and carries oxygen
Definition of Anemia?
A reduction in blood oxygen due to low levels of hemoglobin or poor red blood cell production
Definition of Leukocyte?
A white blood cell
Definition of Platelet?
A component of blood responsible for initiating blood clotting
Definition of Thrombus?
A blood clot that forms within a blood vessel and blocks it
Definition of Embolus?
A blood clot that dislodges and is carried by the circulatory system to another part of the body
Definition of Antigen?
A substance usually protein, that stimulates the formation of an antibody
Definition of Agglutination?
The clumping of blood cells caused by antigens and antibodies
Definition of Phagocytosis?
The process by which a white blood cell engulfs and chemically destroys a microbe
Definition of Macrophage?
The pagocytuc white blood cells found in lympth nodes, bone marrow, and the spleen and liver
Definition of Pus?
A thick liquid composed of protein fragments from digested leukocytes and microbes
Definition of Inflammatory Response?
Localized nonspecific response triggered when tissue cells are injured by bacteria or physical injury. Characterized by swelling, heat, redness, and pain
Definition of Complement Protein?
A plasma protein that helps defend against invading microbes by tagging the microbe for phagocytosis, puncturing cell membranes, or triggering the formation of a mucous coating
Definition of T-Cell?
A lymphocyte, manugactured in the bone marrow and processed by the thymus gland, that identifies and attacks foreign substances
Definition of B-Cell?
A lymphocyte, made and processed in the bone marrow, that produces antibodies
Definition of Receptor Site?
A port along a cell membrane into which hormones, nutrients, and other needed materials fit
Definition of Helper T-Cell?
A T-Cell with receptors that bind to fragments of antigens
Definition of Lymphokine?
A protein produced by the T-Cells that acts as a chemical messenger between other T-Cells and B-Cells
Definition of Killer T-Cell?
A T-Cell that destroys microbes, body cells infected with viruses, and mutated cells by puncturing cell membranes
Definition of Suppressor T-Cell?
A T-Cell that turns off the immune system
Definition of Memory B-Cell?
A B-Cell that retains information about the shape of an antigen
Definition of Pluripotent Cell?
A cell that is capable of developing into a number of specialized cell, such as neuron or muscle cell
Definition of Deamination?
Removal of an amino group from an organic compound?
Definition of Urea?
Nitrogen waste formed from two molecules of ammonia and one molecule of carbon dioxide
Definition of Uric Acid?
A waste product formed from the breakdown of nucleic acids
Definition of Ureter?
A tube that conducts urine from the kidney to the bladder
Definition of Urethra?
The tube that carries urine from the bladder to the exterior of the body
Definition of Cortex?
The outer layer of the kidney
Definition of Medulla?
The area inside of the cortex
Definition of Renal Pelvis?
The hollow area where the kidney joins the ureter
Definition of Nephron?
A functional unit of the kidney
Definition of Afferent Arteriole?
A small branch of renal artery that carries blood to the glomerulus
Definition of Glomerulus?
The high-pressure capillary bed that is the site of filtration
Definition of Efferent Arteriole?
A small branch of the renal artery that carries blood away from the glomerulus to the pertiubular capillaries
Definition of Peritubular Capillary?
A member of the network of small blood vessels that surrond the tubule of the nephron
Definition of Bowman’s Capsule?
The cuplike structure that surronds the glomerulus
Definition of Proximal Tubule?
The section of the nephron joining the Bowman’s capsule with the loop of Henle
Definition of Loop of Henle?
The section of the tubule that carries filtrate from the proximal tubule to the distal tubule
Definition of Distal Tubule?
Conducts urine from the Loop of henle to the collecting duct
Definition of Collecting Duct?
A tube that carries urine from nephrons to the renal pelvis
Definition of Threshold Level?
The maximum amount of a substance that can be moved across the nephron
Definition of Interstitial Fluid?
The fluid that surronds the body cells
