Unit C Flashcards
Definition of Photon?
A packet of light
Definiton of Chlorophyll?
the light-absorbing green-coloured pigment that begins the process of photosynthesis
Definiton of Chloroplast?
a membrane-bound organelle in green plant and algal cells that carries out photosynthesis
Definiton of Stroma?
the protein-rich semiliquid material in the interior of a chloroplast
Definition of Thylakoid?
a system of interconnected flattened membrane sacs forming a separate compartment within the stroma of a chloroplast
Definiton of Grana?
(singular: granum ) stacks of thylakoids
Definiton of Lamellae?
(singular: lamella ) groups of unstacked thylakoids between grana
Definiton of Thylakoid Membrane?
the photosynthetic membrane within a chloroplast that contains light-gathering pigment molecules and electron transport chains
Definiton of Thylakoid Lumen?
the fluid-filled space inside a thylakoid
Definiton of ATP?
a molecule containing three high-energy phosphate bonds that acts as the primary energy-transferring molecule in living organisms
Definiton of ADP?
a molecule containing two high-energy phosphate bonds that may be formed by breaking one of the phosphate bonds in ATP
Definiton of NADP+?
a compound that accepts one hydrogen atom and two electrons, forming NADPH; is an electron acceptor
Definiton of NADPH?
compound that donates one hydrogen atom and two electrons to another molecule, to reform NADP + ; is an electron donor
Definiton of Light-Dependent Reactions?
the first set of reactions of photosynthesis in which light energy excites electrons in chlorophyll molecules, powers chemiosmotic ATP synthesis, and results in the reduction of NADP to NADPH
Definiton of Carbon Fixation?
the process of incorporating CO 2 into carbohydrate molecules
Definiton of Calvin Cycle?
a cyclic set of reactions occurring in the stroma of chloroplasts that fixes the carbon of CO 2 into carbohydrate molecules and recycles coenzymes
Definiton of Light-Independent Reactions?
the second set of reactions in photosynthesis (the Calvin cycle); these reactions do not require solar energy
Definiton of Photosystem?
a cluster of photosynthetic pigments embedded in a thylakoid membrane of a chloroplast that absorbs light energy
Definition of Electron Transport Chain?
a series of progressively stronger electron acceptors; each time an electron is transferred, energy is released
Definiton of Photolysis?
a chemical reaction in which a compound is broken down by light; in photosynthesis, water molecules are split by photolysis
Definition of Oxidation?
a reaction in which an atom or molecule loses electrons
Definition of Reduction?
a reaction in which an atom or molecule gains electrons
Definiton of ATP Synthase Complex?
a specialized protein complex embedded in the thylakoid membrane that allows H + ions to escape from the lumen and uses the resulting energy to generate ATP
Definiton of Chemiosmosis?
a process for synthesizing ATP using the energy of an electrochemical gradient and the ATP synthase enzyme
Definiton of NADH?
an electron carrier, donates electrons in cellular processes
Definiton of NAD+?
an electron carrier, accepts electrons in cellular processes
Definiton of FADH2?
an electron carrier, donates electrons in cellular processes
Definition of FAD+?
an electron carrier, accepts electrons in cellular processes
Definiton of Active Transport?
active transport the movement of substances through a membrane against a concentration gradient using membrane-bound carrier proteins and energy from ATP
Definition of Sodium-Potassium Pump?
an active-transport mechanism that pumps sodium and potassium ions into and out of a cell
Definition of Aerobic Cellular Respiration?
the set of reactions that takes place in the cell in the presence of oxygen and releases energy stored in glucose
Definiton of Anaerobic Cellular Respiration?
the set of reactions that takes place in the cell in the absence of oxygen and releases energy stored in glucose
Definiton of Glycolysis?
a process for harnessing energy in which a glucose molecule is broken into two pyruvate molecules in the cytoplasm of a cell
Definition of Mitochrondrion?
a eukaryotic cell organelle in which aerobic cellular respiration occurs
Definition of Mitochondrial Matrix?
the fluid that fills the interior space of the mitochondrion
Definition of Intermembrane Space?
intermembrane space the fluid-filled space between the inner and outer mitochondrial membranes
Definition of Krebs Cycle?
a cyclic series of reactions that transfers energy from organic molecules to ATP, NADH, and FADH 2 , and removes carbon atoms as CO 2
Definition of Oxidative ATP Synthesis?
the production of ATP from a series of oxidation reactions
Definition of alcohol Fermentation?
a form of fermentation occurring in yeast in which NADH passes its hydrogen atoms to acetaldehyde, generating carbon dioxide, ethanol, and NAD
Definiton of Lactic Acid Fermentation?
a form of fermentation occurring in animal cells in which NADH transfers its hydrogen atoms to pyruvate, regenerating NAD and lactic acid
Definition of Maximum Oxygen Consumption VO2 Max?
the maximum volume of oxygen, in millilitres, that the cells of the body can remove from the bloodstream in one minute per kilogram of body mass while the body experiences maximal exertion
Definition of Lactic Acid Threshold?
the value of exercise intensity at which lactic acid production increases
